Parasitology 2: Biology of Parasitism
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Questions and Answers

What characterizes Simple Metamorphosis in ticks?

  • Ticks have distinct color changes throughout their life stages.
  • All life stages display significant morphological differences.
  • All life stages look similar except for size and minor differences. (correct)
  • Ticks undergo complete metamorphosis with distinct larval and pupal stages.

    • What stage of tick development follows the 1st Nymph?

  • 2nd Nymph (correct)
  • Adult Female
  • Larvae
  • Adult Male

    • How many hosts does Dermacentor variabilis, a common tick species, usually feed on?

  • 4
  • 3 (correct)
  • 2
  • 1

    • What happens to engorged female ticks after they feed?

    <p>They drop off the host to deposit eggs in the environment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the leg count of larvae compared to that of nymphs and adults?

    <p>Larvae have six legs; nymphs have eight; adults also have eight.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of a definitive host?

    <p>It is infected by the sexually mature parasite.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of host is considered a transport host?

    <p>Paratenic host</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the prepatent period refer to?

    <p>The time from infection to the production of offspring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasite characteristics indicate high host specificity?

    <p>It only infects one or a few host species.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor distinguishes a biological vector from a mechanical vector?

    <p>It is necessary for the pathogen's development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What stage do Free-living Larvae develop into after hatching from ova?

    <p>Infective Larvae (L3)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to Infective Larvae after they are ingested by the Definitive Host?

    <p>They become Arrested Larvae.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which organism is responsible for transmitting Trypanosoma cruzi?

    <p>Triatomine bugs</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a consequence of Trypanosoma cruzi's tropism for cardiac muscle?

    <p>It causes damage to the heart.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of life cycle does Trypanosoma cruzi exhibit?

    <p>Indirect Life Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What condition do larvae and adult worms primarily cause in the abomasal mucosa?

    <p>Dysfunction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes the state when larvae are inactive until environmental conditions improve?

    <p>Hypobiotic larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main consequence of protein catabolism in infected hosts caused by these parasites?

    <p>Weight loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of larvae are known to be infective?

    <p>Infective larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does high host specificity in pasture-borne parasites indicate?

    <p>Parasites have a narrow range of hosts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common clinical sign seen when environmental conditions are right for parasite activity?

    <p>Diarrhea</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which life cycle type do many pasture-borne parasites, including Ostertagia spp., possess?

    <p>Direct life cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often the initial developmental stage of these parasites before they become infective?

    <p>Free-living larvae</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary characteristic of Simple Metamorphosis in lice development?

    <p>Life stages differ only in size.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stages do lice develop through?

    <p>Nits, Nymphs, Adults</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Sucking Lice primarily feed on?

    <p>Blood</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the female louse regarding the eggs?

    <p>She cements them to the host's hair or feather shaft.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common outcome of infestation by Chewing Lice?

    <p>General irritation and pruritus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term accurately describes the eggs of lice?

    <p>Nits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is host specificity classified for lice?

    <p>High specificity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic differentiates Hemimetabolous development from Holometabolous development?

    <p>All life stages are similar in appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of life cycle do pinworms exhibit?

    <p>Direct Life Cycle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the definitive host of Oxyuris equi?

    <p>Horses</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms describes a disease that is transmitted from animals to humans?

    <p>Zoonosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which symptom is primarily associated with infection from Oxyuris equi?

    <p>Pruritus of the perianal region</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does fecal-oral transmission relate to Direct Life Cycles?

    <p>It is integral to their completion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What host specificity level do pinworms have?

    <p>High</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about pinworms is true?

    <p>They can cause alopecia in hosts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parasite stage is NOT present in the life cycle of pinworms?

    <p>Intermediate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Parasitology 2

    • Covers the biology of parasitism
    • Slide deck credit: NC State Veterinary Parasitology Group (VMP 930)

    Parasite Groups

    • Protozoa:
      • Hemoflagellates (in blood)
      • Mucoflagellates
      • Coccidia
      • Piroplasms (in blood cells)
    • Helminths:
      • Trematodes (flukes)
      • Cestodes (tapeworms)
      • Nematodes
      • Acanthocephalans
    • Arthropods:
      • Ticks
      • Mites
      • Lice
      • Fleas
      • Flies

    Infectious Diseases

    • Microbiology:
      • Virology
      • Bacteriology
      • Mycology
    • Parasitology:
      • Protozoology
      • Helminthology
      • Entomology

    Types of Life Cycles

    • Direct life cycle: Parasite does not require an intermediate host. The infective stage is in the environment (egg, cyst, larva).
    • Indirect life cycle: Parasite requires an intermediate host.
      • Facultative indirect life cycle: Parasite may use a paratenic host, but it is not necessary.

    Parasite Stages

    • Various terms for stages. Examples include larval, adult stages for worms, protozoa, and arthropods.

    Hosts

    • Definitive host: Primarily infected by sexually mature parasite.
    • Intermediate host: Infected by larval stage(s). Development continues, but doesn't mature in these hosts.
    • Vector: Organism that transmits a pathogen between hosts.
      • Mechanical vector: Doesn't need development of the pathogen.
      • Biological vector: Needs the pathogen to develop.
    • Paratenic host: Infected by a larval stage which does not develop further.
    • Aberrant host: Accidentally infected, but doesn't transmit the parasite, also called a dead-end host

    Other Concepts

    • Host Specificity:
      • High: Parasite infects only a few or one host species.
      • Low: Parasite infects many or several species.
    • Prepatent Period (PPP): Time between infection to the production of offspring.
    • Patent: Infection where sexually mature parasites generate offspring.
    • Zoonosis: Animal disease transmitted to humans.

    Helminth Life Cycles (Oxyuris equi, Physaloptera rara, Ostertagia ostertagi, Trypanosoma cruzi, Giardia canis, Cystoisospora spp., Dermacentor variabilis, Trichodectes canis, Ctenocephalides felis)

    • Life cycle types: direct, indirect, etc. Description of parasite's life stages (eggs, larvae, pupae, adults, etc.) in each host and their stages in the environment. Key info like hosts involved (definitive, intermediate, reservoir/paratenic).
    • Host Specificity: Examples: high (infect only a few hosts), moderate, low (relatively few, or many hosts infected)
    • Zoonotic: yes or no (can infect humans)

    Parasite Pathogenesis

    • Factors that cause disease: trauma, nutrient robbing, excretion of toxins. Hosts response; infection processes (inflammation, etc.) are also important aspects of pathogenesis.

    Parasite Impact on Host

    • Continuum from no effect to disease. Different levels include subclinical, no effect, subclinical (no obvious symptoms). disease (symptoms evident).
    • Clinical judgment regarding treatment necessity.

    Distribution of Autoimmune Disorders and Helminths

    • Epidemiological data show a correlation between developing countries and lower incidence of autoimmune diseases vs higher parasitic worm infection. Developed countries have much lower parasitic infections incidence but much higher autoimmune diseases incidence.

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    Related Documents

    Biology of Parasitism Part 2 PDF

    Description

    Explore the fascinating world of parasitism in this Parasitology 2 quiz. Delve into the biology of various parasite groups including protozoa, helminths, and arthropods, along with their life cycles and stages. This quiz is based on lectures from the NC State Veterinary Parasitology Group.

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