Bacterial Evolution and Gene Transfer

<p>Bacteria exchange DNA through a conjugative pilus. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transformation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They allow advantageous mutations to spread quickly. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It occurs after bacterial lysis releases DNA. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They can modify antibiotic target sites. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates gene expression associated with biofilm formation and virulence. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It regulates pore size in the bacterial membrane. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A conformational change in the sensor protein. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pseudomonas aeruginosa (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>OmpF is preferentially transcribed resulting in a larger pore. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Operon system (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To act as a transcriptional regulator for specific genes. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transcriptomics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in salt concentration (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It enhances the uptake of nutrients. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It modifies water absorption in the colon. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Enterohemorrhagic E.coli (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A large DNA sequence encoding multiple virulence genes. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Identification of scars following homologous recombination. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It destroys incoming foreign DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Accumulation of autoinducer at high concentrations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A substance that accumulates and regulates gene expression. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Salmonella (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To efficiently use limited resources. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>luxI (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It leads to synchronized gene expression based on population density. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The bacterium will not glow. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Production of low amounts of autoinducer. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To allow natural repair and exchange of DNA between closely related bacteria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Quorum sensing signals. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They facilitate the direct transfer of DNA between bacteria. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rolling circle transfer. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasmid integration resulting in stable chromosomal presence. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Random packaging of bacterial DNA into phage heads. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Lytic cycle. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Transfer of viral and adjacent bacterial DNA upon imprecise excision. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A complex that facilitates the transfer of DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Plasmids may acquire adjacent chromosomal material. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It re-synthesizes the complementary strand of transferred DNA. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It can enhance virulence traits between strains. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pilus. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To encode proteins for DNA transfer mechanisms. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) frequently occur in bacterial DNA replication, often having no impact but sometimes causing detrimental or beneficial mutations.

Bacteria evolve rapidly due to high replication rates, allowing advantageous mutations to spread quickly through the population.

The transfer of genetic material between bacteria, which is not direct inheritance from parent to offspring. It's exchange of genetic material.

A type of horizontal gene transfer where bacteria take up DNA from their environment and incorporate it into their own genome.

Bacteria exchanging DNA through a physical connection, often via a structure called a pilus.

A horizontal gene transfer method where bacteriophages (viruses) transfer bacterial DNA during their life cycle.

Harmful traits in bacteria, such as toxins and adhesins, that are often encoded on larger DNA segments.

The ability of some bacteria to readily take up and incorporate outside DNA into their genome.

A process where bacteria communicate by releasing chemical signals, which influence gene expression when they reach a certain density.

Proteins that modify bacterial membranes to allow the uptake of external DNA.

Making bacteria able to take up DNA by chemically or electrically treating their cell membranes.

Plasmids carrying genes for building a pilus and transferring themselves to other bacteria.

A protein structure formed by conjugative plasmids that connects two bacteria.

The physical connection between two bacteria during conjugation, allowing DNA transfer.

Genes on conjugative plasmids that encode for proteins essential for the relaxasome.

A molecular complex at the base of the F pilus that facilitates DNA transfer.

A mechanism where one strand of DNA is cut and then transferred to another cell.

The origin of transfer site on a conjugative plasmid where the DNA is cut for transfer.

Protein that binds to the cut DNA strand and facilitates its movement through the relaxasome.

High frequency transfer of bacterial DNA due to integration of a conjugative plasmid into the chromosome.

Viruses that infect bacteria, utilizing their cellular machinery for replication.

A viral life cycle where the virus replicates inside the host cell and causes lysis (bursting) of the cell.

A viral life cycle where the viral DNA integrates into the host cell's chromosome and replicates with it.

Harmful characteristics in bacteria that contribute to causing disease.

A strain of E. coli that produces toxins causing diarrhea by affecting water absorption in the colon.

A strain of E. coli that has acquired genes enabling it to attach to and invade intestinal cells.

A strain of E. coli that can attach tightly to the gut, produce a kidney-damaging toxin, and often causes bloody diarrhea.

Large regions of DNA in bacteria that are transferred horizontally and often contain genes linked to causing disease.

A molecular machine used by some bacteria to inject proteins into host cells, often to aid in attachment and invasion.

A bacterial defense mechanism that identifies and degrades foreign DNA, including viral DNA, by specifically cutting DNA.

The signaling molecule used by bacteria in quorum sensing, which accumulates as population density increases.

A cluster of genes in bacteria responsible for producing bioluminescence (light production), often controlled by quorum sensing.

A gene in the Lux operon that encodes the autoinducer (AI) molecule involved in quorum sensing.

A protein in the Lux operon that binds to AI when it reaches high concentrations, activating the Lux operon and leading to bioluminescence.

A signal transduction system in bacteria that links environmental stimuli to changes in gene expression.

A community of bacteria embedded in a self-produced extracellular matrix, attached to a surface.

Traits in bacteria that contribute to their ability to cause disease, such as toxins, enzymes, and adhesins.

A signal transduction pathway in bacteria that allows them to sense and respond to external environmental changes.

A protein located in the bacterial membrane that detects specific external signals like changes in osmolarity, pH, or ionic concentrations.

A cytoplasmic protein that is activated by the sensor protein and acts as a transcriptional regulator, controlling gene expression.

A two-component transduction system that regulates the size of pores in bacterial membranes in response to osmotic stress.

A sequencing-based technology that analyzes the complete set of RNA molecules in a cell to study gene expression patterns.

The process by which the information encoded in a gene is used to produce a functional protein.