Antibiotic Resistance and Bacterial Evolution
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Questions and Answers

What happens if a patient stops taking antibiotics early?

  • All bacteria will be killed immediately.
  • The antibiotic will still work effectively.
  • Some bacteria may survive and become resistant. (correct)
  • The patient will develop immunity to the antibiotic.

Taking all of the prescribed antibiotics ensures that all bacteria are killed.

True (A)

What can happen to bacteria that survive antibiotic treatment?

They can become resistant to the antibiotic.

If bacteria become resistant, they may be passed on to another person, making antibiotic treatment ______.

<p>ineffective</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the outcome with its explanation regarding bacteria and antibiotics:

<p>Bacteria survive antibiotic treatment = May become resistant Completing the antibiotic course = All bacteria are killed Resistant bacteria transmission = Infection treatment fails</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason some bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

<p>Natural selection favoring resistant strains (A), Genetic mutations that allow survival (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

All bacteria will be killed by antibiotics regardless of their characteristics.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What theory explains how bacteria evolve to become resistant to antibiotics?

<p>Darwin's theory of evolution</p> Signup and view all the answers

The process through which bacteria with beneficial traits survive and reproduce is called __________.

<p>natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the type of selection with its description:

<p>Natural selection = Process where individuals with advantageous traits survive and reproduce Genetic drift = Random changes in allele frequencies in a population Directional selection = Favoring one extreme phenotype over others Stabilizing selection = Favoring average phenotypes at the expense of extremes</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following correctly describes a type of variation among bacteria?

<p>Some bacteria have mutations that confer resistance (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does genetic drift have on small bacterial populations?

<p>It can lead to random changes in allele frequencies, which may result in the loss of genetic diversity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of selection specifically involves traits that enhance survival and reproduction?

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Genetic drift has a greater effect on large populations than on small populations.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary consequence of the bottleneck effect in populations?

<p>Reduced genetic diversity</p> Signup and view all the answers

The ______ effect occurs when a small group of individuals starts a new population isolated from the original population.

<p>founder</p> Signup and view all the answers

Match the effect with its description:

<p>Bottleneck effect = Reduction in genetic diversity due to a drastic reduction in population size Founder effect = Establishment of a new population by a small number of individuals Natural selection = Standard process that favors traits enhancing survival Genetic drift = Change in allele frequencies due to random events</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes genetic drift?

<p>A change in allele frequencies due to chance events (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Natural selection is the only mechanism through which evolutionary change can occur.

<p>False (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is it called when traits that improve survival and reproduction accumulate in a population?

<p>natural selection</p> Signup and view all the answers

In studies of populations, ______ are more susceptible to genetic drift.

<p>small populations</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which force of evolutionary change is linked to random chance events causing changes in allele frequencies?

<p>Genetic drift (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Survival characteristic

A characteristic that helps an organism survive and reproduce in its environment.

Evolution

The process by which populations of organisms change over time due to differences in survival and reproduction.

Antibiotic resistance

The ability of bacteria to withstand the effects of antibiotics, meaning they are not killed by the medication.

Variation within a species

The idea that individuals within a species exhibit differences, making some better suited for survival than others.

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Natural selection

Individuals with traits that help them survive and reproduce are more likely to pass on those traits to their offspring.

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Evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria

The process by which resistant bacteria survive and reproduce, leading to an increase in the proportion of resistant bacteria in a population.

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Antibiotics and bacterial infections

Antibiotics are medicines used to kill bacteria and treat bacterial infections. However, some bacteria are resistant to antibiotics, meaning the medicine does not affect them.

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Genetic Drift

Changes in allele frequencies within a population due to random events, not natural selection.

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Bottleneck Effect

A type of genetic drift where a population undergoes a sudden reduction in size due to a catastrophic event, resulting in a change in allele frequencies, since only a few individuals survive and reproduce.

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Founder Effect

A type of genetic drift where a small group of individuals from a larger population colonize a new area, creating a new population with different allele frequencies.

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Artificial Selection

A type of natural selection where humans intentionally select for specific traits in organisms by breeding them, leading to changes in allele frequencies.

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Sexual Selection

A type of natural selection where individuals choose their mates based on specific traits, leading to changes in allele frequencies within a population.

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Allele Frequency

The relative frequency of an allele in a population.

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Genetic Variation

Variations in the form of genes (alleles) within a species.

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Fitness

The ability of an organism to survive and reproduce in its environment.

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What happens if you stop taking antibiotics early?

When you don't finish your antibiotic prescription, some bacteria might survive. These bacteria can then become resistant to the antibiotic, meaning the antibiotic won't work on them anymore.

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How can antibiotic resistance spread?

Bacteria can develop resistance to antibiotics, meaning the antibiotic won't kill them. These resistant bacteria can spread to other people, making it harder to treat their infections.

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How can antibiotics help and hurt?

Antibiotics are powerful medicines designed to fight bacterial infections. However, if you don't finish your prescription, you create an environment where resistant bacteria can thrive.

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What happens if you finish your antibiotic prescription?

If you take the whole prescription, the antibiotic will likely kill all the bacteria causing your infection. Your immune system can then also help fight off any remaining bacteria.

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How do bacteria become resistant to antibiotics?

Bacteria that have become resistant to antibiotics have developed traits that help them survive in the presence of the medication. This allows them to thrive and spread.

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Study Notes

Natural Selection: Antibacterial Resistance

  • Bacteria like tuberculosis and pneumonia cause disease in humans.
  • Antibiotics are used to kill bacteria, but some bacteria are resistant to them.
  • Darwin's Theory of Evolution explains how resistant bacteria evolve:
    • Variation exists in individuals within a species.
    • Some individuals die before reproducing.
    • Individuals with better survival traits reproduce more.
    • Offspring inherit these traits, leading to more individuals with the best survival characteristics.
  • Antibiotic treatment doesn't kill all bacteria.
  • Surviving bacteria are resistant to the antibiotic.
  • If treatment is stopped early, surviving bacteria multiply and become resistant.
  • Resistant bacteria can be passed to others, making antibiotics ineffective in those individuals.

Types of Selection

  • Natural Selection: Organisms with advantageous adaptations survive, reproduce, and pass on their genes.
  • Artificial Selection: Humans select organisms with desirable traits for breeding, and these traits are passed down.

Sexual Selection

  • Sexual Selection (a type of natural selection): Organisms with desirable traits (e.g., ornaments, behaviors) are more likely to survive, reproduce, and pass on their genes.
  • Sexual Dimorphism: Differences in appearance between males and females of a species are often related to sexual selection. Females tend not to have exaggerated features because they are costly.
  • Examples: Lion males with larger manes are often more attractive to females because this shows strength and health.

Other Forces of Evolutionary Change

  • Genetic Drift: Random changes in gene frequencies within a population, especially prominent in small populations.
  • Bottleneck Effect: A catastrophic event drastically reduces a population's size, leading to a loss of genetic diversity in the surviving population.
  • Founder Effect: A small group of individuals leaves and starts a new population, with different allele frequencies than the original population.
  • Gene Flow: Movement of genes between populations through immigration and mating.

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Description

Explore the critical concepts of antibiotic resistance and the evolution of bacteria in this quiz. Test your understanding of how early termination of antibiotics impacts bacterial survival and resistance. Delve into key biological theories and mechanisms that explain these phenomena.

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