29 Questions
What is the purpose of secondary diversification in the germinal center?
To increase the affinity of B cells for antigens
Which region of the germinal center is primarily responsible for somatic hypermutation?
Dark zone
What does class switching in B cells involve?
Replacing one heavy chain constant region with another isotype
Where do B cells migrate after undergoing somatic hypermutation?
Light zone
What happens to B cells with low affinity for antigens in the light zone of the germinal center?
They undergo apoptosis
Which cells provide conditions for B cell differentiation and memory cell production in the germinal center?
T follicular helper cells
How do B cells in the germinal center receive signals for class switching?
Via CD40 and cytokines from T FH cells
'Affinity maturation' in the germinal center refers to the process of selecting mutated B cells based on their:
Affinity for antigens
'Selecting for the survival of mutated B cells that have a high affinity for the antigen' primarily occurs during:
'Affinity maturation'
What is the process used to ensure that each B cell synthesizes only one heavy and one light chain?
Allelic exclusion
What is the function of TdT in B cells?
Adding nucleotides to cleaved strands
Where are T FH cells predominantly found within the germinal center?
Light zone
Which type of dendritic cell retains antigens in the light zone of the germinal center?
Follicular dendritic cells
Which enzyme recognizes gene segments during somatic hypermutation?
Recombinase enzymes
What is the primary function of plasmablasts?
Antibody production
What is the primary feature that distinguishes the dark zone from the light zone in the germinal center?
Somatic hypermutation
What is the main function of conventional dendritic cells in the immune response?
Antigen presentation
What is the role of SCS macrophages in the germinal center?
Anchoring antigens like FDCs
What is the primary outcome of somatic hypermutation in B cells?
Increased affinity for antigens over time
What is the role of plasma cells in the Germinal Center?
Stop expressing high levels of BCR
What is the main function of memory B cells?
Express high levels of BCR
Which protein is responsible for deaminating cytidine residues in ssDNA during somatic hypermutation?
AID
What is the outcome of class switch recombination within the germinal center?
Increased affinity of antibodies
Where does somatic hypermutation mainly occur in the immunoglobulin variable regions?
V regions
Which cytokine signal determines the isotype produced during class switch recombination?
IL-4
What is the main outcome of affinity maturation in B cells?
Increased antibody affinity
What is the primary difference between primary and memory responses to antigens?
Different lymphocyte features
How can you best monitor immunological memory for T cells?
T cells reside in tissues
What determines if immunological memory is long-lived or short-lived?
The specific pathogen encountered
Test your knowledge on B cell antigen processing pathways, MHC class presentation, IgM/IgD constant regions, allelic exclusion, RSS gene segments, and TdT enzymes.
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