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Questions and Answers
Which cells are involved in the degranulation process that releases histamines?
What is a major characteristic of granulomatous inflammation?
Which of the following is NOT a type of granulomatous inflammation?
What role do epithelioid cells play in granulomatous inflammation?
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Which of the following diseases is an excellent example of chronic inflammation?
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What is the primary function of antigen-presenting cells?
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Which cytokine is primarily responsible for the transformation of macrophages to epithelioid cells in granulomatous inflammation?
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Which of these conditions is associated with the formation of foreign body granulomas?
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What is a significant feature of immune granulomas?
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Which type of granuloma typically lacks central necrosis?
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What is a characteristic feature of caseating granulomas?
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Which cytokines are primarily involved in the acute phase reaction of inflammation?
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What is the main hallmark feature of fever in the context of inflammation?
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What is the role of cytokines in the development of fever during inflammation?
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Which acute phase protein is commonly elevated during inflammation and is synthesized by the liver?
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What is the most common change observed in white blood cell counts during an inflammatory response?
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What does the presence of fibrinogen in the blood indicate during inflammation?
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Which type of cell is primarily responsible for forming giant cells in granulomas?
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What effect does the acute phase response have on plasma levels of acute phase proteins?
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What systemic effect is least common during inflammation?
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Study Notes
Mast Cells and Inflammation
- Mast cells are located throughout connective tissues and play a role in both acute and chronic inflammation.
- They have receptors that bind to the Fc portion of IgE, enabling them to respond to allergens.
- Degranulation of mast cells leads to the release of histamines.
Antigen Presenting Cells
- Major antigen presenting cells that present antigens to T cells include:
- Macrophages
- B lymphocytes
- Dendritic cells
Chronic Inflammation
- Chronic inflammation is critical in various diseases such as:
- Atherosclerosis
- Tuberculosis
- Rheumatoid Arthritis
- Chronic gastritis
Granulomatous Inflammation
- Defined as a unique pattern of chronic inflammation featuring granulomas.
- Granulomas consist of epithelioid histiocytes (modified macrophages) and are surrounded by giant cells and lymphocytes.
- Granulomas 'wall off' offending agents, serving as a defense mechanism.
Characteristics of Granulomas
- Epithelioid cells, resembling epithelial cells, can fuse to form multinucleated giant cells.
- Central necrosis may occur in some granulomas.
Types of Granulomatous Inflammation
- Foreign body granulomas: Reaction to inert foreign materials.
- Immune granulomas: Result from T-cell mediated reactions to poorly degradable antigens.
- Noncaseating granulomas: Lack central necrosis, common in conditions like sarcoidosis and Crohn's disease.
- Caseating granulomas: Exhibit central necrosis, typical in tuberculosis and fungal infections.
Granuloma Composition
- Consists of modified macrophages (epithelioid cells), lymphocyte collars, giant cells, and possibly necrosis.
Systemic Effects of Inflammation
- Acute inflammation displays local signs such as:
- Heat (calor)
- Redness (rubor)
- Edema (tumor)
- Pain (dolor)
- Loss of function (functio laesa)
- Systemic effects are termed "acute phase reaction," mediated by cytokines TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6.
Acute Phase Response Changes
- Clinical responses include:
- Fever: Elevated body temperature regulated by the hypothalamus and influenced by cytokines (IL-1, TNF-α).
- Elevated levels of acute phase proteins (e.g., CRP, fibrinogen) synthesized by the liver, significantly increasing during inflammation.
- Leukocytosis: Increased white blood cell count due to rapid release from bone marrow pools during infections.
- Leukopenia: Reduced white blood cells, seen in conditions like typhoid fever.
- Other manifestations: Increased heart rate, decreased sweating, chills, malaise, and anorexia.
Septic Shock
- Occurs in severe bacterial infections where bacterial products trigger cytokine release, leading to disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC) and metabolic disturbances.
- Results in hypotensive shock, encapsulated as a clinical triad of septic shock.
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Description
Explore the roles of mast cells and other antigen-presenting cells in the immune response. This quiz covers the involvement of macrophages, B lymphocytes, and dendritic cells in both acute and chronic inflammation. Test your knowledge about the immune system's intricate mechanisms.
