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Questions and Answers
What effect does stimulation of beta 1 receptors have on myocardial contractility?
What effect does stimulation of beta 1 receptors have on myocardial contractility?
What is the result of decreased peripheral resistance due to beta 2 receptor stimulation?
What is the result of decreased peripheral resistance due to beta 2 receptor stimulation?
How does beta 2 receptor stimulation affect glycogenolysis in muscles and the liver?
How does beta 2 receptor stimulation affect glycogenolysis in muscles and the liver?
What is a consequence of inhibiting insulin release in patients, especially those with type 2 diabetes?
What is a consequence of inhibiting insulin release in patients, especially those with type 2 diabetes?
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What action does a selective beta 1 receptor blocker have on the heart rate?
What action does a selective beta 1 receptor blocker have on the heart rate?
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Which of the following effects is associated with beta agonists?
Which of the following effects is associated with beta agonists?
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Which physiological change occurs due to beta 2 receptor activation in the lungs?
Which physiological change occurs due to beta 2 receptor activation in the lungs?
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What overall effect do antagonists of beta receptors have on the physiological responses?
What overall effect do antagonists of beta receptors have on the physiological responses?
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What happens to fat metabolism during increased myocardial contractility?
What happens to fat metabolism during increased myocardial contractility?
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Why is it important to monitor blood sugar in diabetic patients when beta 2 receptors are stimulated?
Why is it important to monitor blood sugar in diabetic patients when beta 2 receptors are stimulated?
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What is the primary effect of stimulating beta 1 receptors in the heart?
What is the primary effect of stimulating beta 1 receptors in the heart?
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Which receptors are responsible for the dilation of bronchioles when stimulated?
Which receptors are responsible for the dilation of bronchioles when stimulated?
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What happens when alpha 1 receptors are stimulated?
What happens when alpha 1 receptors are stimulated?
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Which receptor type, when stimulated, inhibits insulin release?
Which receptor type, when stimulated, inhibits insulin release?
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How do beta 2 receptors affect skeletal muscle blood vessels?
How do beta 2 receptors affect skeletal muscle blood vessels?
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What is the effect of a beta 1 antagonist on blood pressure?
What is the effect of a beta 1 antagonist on blood pressure?
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Which of the following statements is true regarding beta 2 receptors?
Which of the following statements is true regarding beta 2 receptors?
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What effect do alpha 1 receptors have on peripheral resistance?
What effect do alpha 1 receptors have on peripheral resistance?
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After administering an alpha 2 receptor agonist, what might happen to a diabetic patient’s blood sugar level?
After administering an alpha 2 receptor agonist, what might happen to a diabetic patient’s blood sugar level?
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Which receptor type primarily constricts blood vessels in response to epinephrine?
Which receptor type primarily constricts blood vessels in response to epinephrine?
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What is the role of beta 1 receptors during stress responses?
What is the role of beta 1 receptors during stress responses?
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Where are alpha 2 receptors located, and what is their primary function?
Where are alpha 2 receptors located, and what is their primary function?
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What happens to blood vessels when beta 2 receptors are activated?
What happens to blood vessels when beta 2 receptors are activated?
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What does an agonist medication do in the context of the sympathetic nervous system?
What does an agonist medication do in the context of the sympathetic nervous system?
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Which of the following receptors is responsible for vasoconstriction?
Which of the following receptors is responsible for vasoconstriction?
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What is the role of beta 1 receptors in the autonomic nervous system?
What is the role of beta 1 receptors in the autonomic nervous system?
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What effect would an alpha 2 antagonist have on the body?
What effect would an alpha 2 antagonist have on the body?
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Which statement best describes the parasympathetic nervous system's function?
Which statement best describes the parasympathetic nervous system's function?
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In which part of the body are beta 2 receptors primarily located?
In which part of the body are beta 2 receptors primarily located?
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What happens to blood pressure when alpha 1 receptors are activated?
What happens to blood pressure when alpha 1 receptors are activated?
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What is the main consequence of giving a non-selective beta blocker to an asthmatic patient?
What is the main consequence of giving a non-selective beta blocker to an asthmatic patient?
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How does the sympathetic nervous system primarily affect heart rate?
How does the sympathetic nervous system primarily affect heart rate?
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Which of the following correctly describes the autonomic nervous system's function?
Which of the following correctly describes the autonomic nervous system's function?
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What physiological response does stimulation of beta 2 receptors induce?
What physiological response does stimulation of beta 2 receptors induce?
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What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
What is the primary function of the autonomic nervous system?
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What kind of response does an antagonist medication produce?
What kind of response does an antagonist medication produce?
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Which order corresponds to the types of adrenergic receptors?
Which order corresponds to the types of adrenergic receptors?
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Study Notes
Autonomic Nervous System - Sympathetic Focus
- Key Concepts: Agonist (stimulates normal response), Antagonist (blocks normal response)
- Agonist Example (Beta 2 Receptors): Albuterol, used for asthma, stimulates the normal response of keeping airways open.
- Antagonist Example (Beta Blocker): Non-selective beta blockers can block the normal response of keeping airways open, potentially constricting airways in asthmatics.
- Autonomic Purpose: Regulates heart rate, blood pressure, and vascular constriction.
- Sympathetic Nervous System: "Fight-or-flight" response; increases heart rate, blood pressure, and heart contraction. Used daily in activities like walking, running, or exercise.
- Parasympathetic Nervous System: "Rest and digest" response; counterbalances sympathetic effects, slowing heart rate and blood pressure, aiding digestion. Active during eating and rest.
- Autonomic Switch: Acts as a switch effectively turning on or off responses dependent on needs of body (fight or flight versus rest and digest)
Receptor Types and Locations
-
Alpha Receptors: Located in arteries (except skeletal muscles).
- Alpha 1: Vasoconstriction (increases blood pressure).
- Alpha 2: Vasodilation (decreases blood pressure). Blockers inhibit normal responses, changing the outcome for diabetic patients.
-
Beta 1 Receptors: Located in the heart and kidneys (juxtaglomerular cells).
- Stimulation increases heart rate, strengthens heart contraction, and increases renin release (increasing blood pressure), also promotes lipolysis.
-
Beta 2 Receptors: Located in lungs (bronchioles), eyes, and skeletal muscle arteries.
- Stimulation increases airway diameter (bronchodilation), allowing easier breathing. Also dilates arteries of skeletal muscles promoting extra blood flow for optimal oxygen and nutrients delivery in those parts of body
- Important Note: Blocking a receptor with an antagonist causes the opposite effect. For example, a beta 1 receptor blocker lowers heart rate. An agonist, conversely, would increase stimulation of corresponding receptors.
Receptor Stimulation Effects
-
Alpha 1 Stimulation:
- Increased peripheral resistance
- Vasoconstriction
- Increased blood pressure
- Pupil dilation
- Bladder sphincter closure
-
Alpha 2 Stimulation:
- Inhibition of norepinephrine and acetylcholine release
- Inhibition of insulin release (potentially raises blood sugar, watch diabetic patients closely).
-
Beta 1 Stimulation:
- Increased myocardial contractility
- Increased heart rate
- Increased renin release (increasing blood pressure)
- Lipolysis (increased fat metabolism)
-
Beta 2 Stimulation:
- Decreased peripheral resistance
- Vasodilation
- Decreased blood pressure
- Bronchodilation
- Increased muscle and liver glycogenolysis (increased glucose availability).
- Important Note: Effects on blood sugar levels (glucose) must be monitored especially in diabetic patients who may have impaired insulin secretion and blood sugar fluctuations.
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