Autonomic and Somatic Nervous Systems Quiz
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Questions and Answers

Which adrenergic receptor type is primarily associated with inhibitory functions in the gut?

  • B 2
  • a 2 (correct)
  • a 1
  • B 1

    • What is the primary neurotransmitter released by the terminal ends of post-ganglionic fibers in the sympathetic nervous system?

  • Serotonin
  • Acetylcholine
  • Dopamine
  • Norepinephrine (correct)

    • Which of the following conditions would likely cause flaccid paralysis due to a blockade in acetylcholine transmission?

  • Black widow toxin
  • Organophosphates
  • Curare (correct)
  • Botulism (correct)

    • How does smooth muscle differ from skeletal muscle in terms of its overall structure?

    <p>Smooth muscle lacks a striated appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of muscle physiology is responsible for detecting changes in muscle length?

    <p>Muscle spindles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle contraction is characterized by sustained tension despite relaxation when stretched?

    <p>Tonic contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle fibers are primarily responsible for the contraction of skeletal muscle?

    <p>Alpha motor fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What mechanism allows muscles to contract as a unit in single-unit smooth muscle?

    <p>Functional syncytium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure is primarily responsible for holding thick filaments together in muscle fibers?

    <p>M line</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which spinal regions give rise to parasympathetic preganglionic fibers?

    <p>Cranial and sacral regions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of Sertoli cells in spermatogenesis?

    <p>They form the blood-testis barrier.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily regulates the secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) in males?

    <p>Inhibin secreted by Sertoli cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What event marks the transition from the follicular phase to the luteal phase in the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Surge in luteinizing hormone (LH).</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During the menstrual cycle, what happens in the proliferative phase?

    <p>The endometrium undergoes repair and growth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of kisspeptin in the male reproductive system?

    <p>It regulates the pulsed secretion of GnRH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the brain is responsible for homeostatic control and emotional regulation?

    <p>Hypothalamus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cells produce hormones in the corpus luteum after ovulation?

    <p>Empty follicular cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the consequence of a high enough estrogen level during the ovarian cycle?

    <p>Induction of a large LH surge.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the nervous system includes the brain and spinal cord?

    <p>Central nervous system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of astrocytes in the central nervous system?

    <p>Maintain the blood-brain barrier and support neurons.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which phase does fertilization of the egg typically occur?

    <p>Luteal phase.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of capacitation in sperm when preparing for fertilization?

    <p>Sperm can execute acrosome reaction to penetrate the egg.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What hormonal feedback mechanism occurs after testosterone production in males?

    <p>Testosterone negatively feeds back to inhibit LH.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the hippocampus in memory retention?

    <p>It is primarily responsible for declarative memory involving facts and events.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes long-term potentiation in neurons?

    <p>It involves permanent synaptic changes resulting from repeated use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following types of waves is associated with deep sleep?

    <p>Delta waves</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of receptor is primarily involved in detecting pain sensations?

    <p>Nociceptors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How is peripheral vision processed in the brain?

    <p>It crosses over at the optic chiasm while central vision remains on the same side.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes fast pain from slow pain?

    <p>Fast pain is transmitted via myelinated A-fibers and is well localized.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which beneficial effect do endogenous opioids produce?

    <p>They act as natural pain suppressors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which structure in the eye is primarily responsible for light refraction?

    <p>Lens</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of muscle contraction occurs when a muscle lengthens under tension?

    <p>Eccentric contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of sarcoplasmic reticulum in muscle fibers?

    <p>It stores calcium ions for muscle contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes the sympathetic nervous system from the parasympathetic nervous system?

    <p>It involves short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the expected effect of ciliary muscle contraction on the lens of the eye?

    <p>The lens thickens for near vision.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with the sympathetic nervous system?

    <p>Norepinephrine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor does NOT affect the strength of muscle contraction?

    <p>Duration of the contraction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which cellular function involves the movement of substances within the cell’s cytoplasm?

    <p>Internal movement of materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) in cellular function?

    <p>Translates mRNA into protein</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport mechanism requires direct use of ATP?

    <p>Primary active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of feedback system usually results in an escalation of a physiological response until a certain point is reached?

    <p>Positive feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary functions of membrane-bound proteins?

    <p>Form channels and transport molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon describes a neuron's inability to generate another action potential for a brief period after one has occurred?

    <p>Absolute refractory period</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is primarily involved in increasing blood glucose levels during fasting?

    <p>Glucagon</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main characteristic of graded potentials?

    <p>Variable in strength and duration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of heart rhythms can be influenced by neurotransmitters affecting receptor sensitivity?

    <p>Heart rate and contraction strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nutrient is the brain primarily dependent on for energy?

    <p>Glucose</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What describes the process of signal transduction for lipid-soluble hormones?

    <p>Changing gene activity in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which fluid represents the major component of extracellular fluid (ECF)?

    <p>Interstitial fluid</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of extracellular chemical messenger acts locally on neighboring cells?

    <p>Paracrines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which nervous system response is considered a 'wireless' mode of communication?

    <p>Endocrine system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What phenomenon occurs when too much parathyroid hormone (PTH) is secreted?

    <p>Hypercalcemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers the secretion of LH and FSH during puberty?

    <p>Increased kisspeptin levels</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the corpus luteum?

    <p>To produce estrogen and progesterone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phase of the menstrual cycle is characterized by endometrial growth?

    <p>Follicular phase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    During spermatogenesis, what is the function of Sertoli cells?

    <p>To form the blood-testis barrier</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers ovulation in the ovarian cycle?

    <p>A high level of estrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do androgens contribute to the female reproductive cycle?

    <p>They maintain the corpus luteum with LH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main role of the blood-brain barrier?

    <p>To restrict access of harmful substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which hormone is secreted by the placenta during pregnancy?

    <p>hCG (human chorionic gonadotropin)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of feedback mechanism does estrogen demonstrate to control FSH and LH levels before ovulation?

    <p>Positive feedback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of prolactin during late pregnancy?

    <p>Stimulate milk production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes the transformation of primary oocytes to secondary oocytes.

    <p>Meiosis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which component of the central nervous system is primarily responsible for coordinating voluntary movement?

    <p>Basal nuclei</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of neuroglia in the central nervous system?

    <p>To protect neurons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the brain is crucial for processing visual information?

    <p>Occipital lobe</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of cell membranes?

    <p>Produce hormones directly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER)?

    <p>Detoxification and storage of calcium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement accurately describes the resting membrane potential?

    <p>It can fluctuate based on ion concentrations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What triggers an action potential in a neuron?

    <p>A graded potential reaching threshold potential</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary mechanism for transmitting chemical signals across a synapse?

    <p>Chemical messenger release</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of hormone classification, which characteristic differs between hydrophilic and lipophilic hormones?

    <p>Mechanism of action on target cells</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tropic hormones function in the endocrine system?

    <p>Stimulate secretion of another hormone</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic effect of parathormone (PTH) on calcium levels?

    <p>Increases calcium absorption from the intestine</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does the cerebellum play in memory?

    <p>Storage of procedural memories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do tonic receptors respond to sustained stimuli?

    <p>They consistently transmit information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pathways is specifically associated with lipid-soluble hormones?

    <p>Gene activity alteration in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physiological change is associated with hypopolarization of a neuron?

    <p>Increased excitability and likelihood of action potential firing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of muscle contraction involves a muscle shortening while lifting a constant load?

    <p>Concentric</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of the adrenal cortex?

    <p>Regulation of mineral balance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the medulla in the brainstem?

    <p>Vital functions like breathing and heart rate</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which neurotransmitter is primarily associated with pain transmission in the nervous system?

    <p>Substance P</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of transport mechanism primarily uses sodium gradients for glucose uptake?

    <p>Secondary active transport</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of the sliding filament mechanism in muscle contraction?

    <p>It illustrates how thick and thin filaments interact during contraction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the physiological importance of the Nernst Equation?

    <p>Calculates the driving force for ion movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of receptor is primarily involved in the sensation of light touch?

    <p>Meissner’s corpuscles</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following accurately describes a mechanistic aspect of graded potentials?

    <p>They can have varying magnitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which layer of the eye contains the photoreceptors responsible for vision?

    <p>Retina</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the sympathetic nervous system primarily affect the body?

    <p>Inhibits digestive functions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main factor that determines the acuity of a sensory stimulus?

    <p>The size of the receptive field</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which muscle fibers are characterized as fatigue-resistant and have a low ATPase activity?

    <p>Slow-oxidative fibers</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the vestibular apparatus in the inner ear?

    <p>Detecting rotational and linear acceleration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of the Golgi tendon organs?

    <p>Monitoring muscle tension</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What common condition is characterized by a loss of muscle mass due to disuse?

    <p>Atrophy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of pain is associated with unmyelinated C-fibers?

    <p>Slow pain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Autonomic Nervous System

    • Muscarinic Receptors: Found between preganglionic and effector tissue
    • Adrenergic Receptors (bind with NE):
      • α1: excitatory; arteriolar smooth muscle (NE > E)
      • α2: inhibitory; always in gut (NE > E)
      • β1: excitatory; always in heart (NE = E)
      • β2: inhibitory; arteriolar smooth muscle, heart, skeletal (E)
    • Varicosities: Terminal end of postganglionic neuron; releases neurotransmitter across a large area
    • Dual Innervation: Parasympathetic and sympathetic systems typically innervate organs. Exceptions are liver, thermoregulatory sweat glands, adrenal medulla, and blood vessels. Salivary glands are an exception, being stimulated by both.
    • Preganglionic Fiber Origins:
      • Parasympathetic: cranial and sacral regions of spinal cord
      • Sympathetic: thoracolumbar region of spinal cord

    Somatic Nervous System

    • Skeletal Muscle Innervation:
      • Excitatory pathway using nicotinic receptors
      • Acetylcholine (ACh) causes an end-plate potential, opening sodium (Na+) and potassium (K+) channels (similar to EPSP)
    • Conditions Affecting Skeletal Muscle Innervation:
      • Black widow toxin: Increased ACh release (leads to spastic then flaccid paralysis)
      • Botulism: Blocks ACh release (flaccid paralysis)
      • Curare: Blocks ACh receptors (flaccid paralysis)
      • Succinylcholine: Similar to ACh (leads to spastic then flaccid paralysis)
      • Organophosphates: Inhibit acetylcholinesterase (AChE) (leads to spastic then flaccid paralysis)
    • Spastic-to-flaccid Paralysis Cause: Depolarization blockade (Na+ inactivation gate resetting)

    Muscle Physiology

    • Muscle Categories:
      • Striated (skeletal/cardiac): dark bands
      • Nucleated (skeletal): multiple nuclei
      • Voluntary (skeletal): innervated by somatic nervous system
    • Electrical Isolation of Muscle Fibers: Allows for precise control
    • Myofibril Components:
      • Titin: Largest protein; throughout the fiber, acts like a rubber band
      • A bands: Stacked thick filaments with peripheral thin filaments
      • H zone: Middle of A band; thin filaments absent
      • M line: Center of H zone; holds thick filaments together
      • I bands: Thin filaments not in A band
      • Z line/disk: Center of I band; between defines sarcomere (contracts)
    • Skeletal Muscle Control Systems:
      • Primary motor cortex/corticospinal system: Pyramidal cells; fine control
      • Brain stem/multi neuronal motor system: extrapyramidal; brain influences posture and large muscles
    • Muscle Tone: Ongoing, involuntary, low-level tension for stability
    • Muscle Receptors:
      • Muscle Spindles: Detect changes in muscle length/stretch; specialized intrafusal and extrafusal fibers. Involved in the stretch reflex and alpha-gamma coactivation.
        • Intrafusal fibers (gamma motor) are inside extrafusal fibers (alpha motor)
        • Gamma motor neurons innervate both sides of the intrafusal fibers
        • Alpha-gamma coactivation: both types of neurons stimulate during contraction. Necessary for intrafusal fiber detection of both rate and change of length.
      • Stretch reflex (monosynaptic): Localized negative-feedback; prevents overstretching.
      • Golgi tendon organs: In tendons; detect tension, important for proprioception

    Smooth Muscle

    • Smooth Muscle Structure: Small, unstriated; structure varies by function
      • Thick myosin (longer than in skeletal), thin actin (no troponin)
      • Intermediate filaments (framework); no myofibrils or sarcomere pattern (no Z line)
      • Dense bodies: More actin; act as Z discs, held via intermediates
      • Arranged for squeezing, diagonals (cross-over = dense body)
    • Activation: Ca2+ (mostly extracellular) dependent myosin phosphorylation
    • Contraction Types: Phasic (burst contractions) and tonic (continuous contraction)
    • Stress Relaxation: Develops tension despite relaxing when stretched (like a rubber band)
    • Speed/Efficiency: Slow but efficient contractions; suited for long-term sustained contractions
    • Types:
      • Single-unit/visceral: Found in viscera (hollow organs); myogenic (self-excitable, either tonic or phasic); forms functional syncytium (contracts as a unit)
      • Multiunit: Skeletal/smooth mix; neurogenic (stimulated by nerves, phasic); found in large blood vessels, small airways, eye muscles, goosebump muscles
    • Pacemaker/Slow-wave: Spontaneous depolarization from ion flux; alternating polarizations

    Cardiac Muscle

    • Location: Found only in the heart
    • Structure: Striated, length-tension relationship; pacemaker potentials/cells
    • Intercalated Discs: Gap junctions, joined in a branching network

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on the autonomic and somatic nervous systems, including the functions and types of receptors such as muscarinic and adrenergic. Additionally, explore the dual innervation mechanisms and the origins of preganglionic fibers. This quiz is essential for understanding the intricacies of human nervous control.

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