AUTO OPS II
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Questions and Answers

What was the first fully automatic machine gun?

  • Maxim Gun (correct)
  • Browning M1919
  • Gatling Gun
  • Thompson Submachine Gun

    • The smokeless powder was developed by Sir Fredrick Abel in 1889 to reduce stoppages and fouling in firearms.

    True

    Name one method of energy tapping mentioned in the automatic action.

    Gas system or blowback system

    The recoil motion energy accounts for ___ to ___ percent.

    <p>0.02 - 0.50%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following components with their actions:

    <p>Lock = Secure the firing mechanism Feed = Introduce ammunition into the chamber Eject = Remove spent cartridge from the chamber Unlock = Release the firing mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which part of the pressure-time curve represents the time taken for the bullet to be ejected?

    <p>Dead time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Frictional losses account for more than 20% of energy in automatic operations.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The maximum rate of fire for the Maxim Gun is ___ rounds per minute.

    <p>600</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of long recoil systems?

    <p>Negligible wear and tear</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In short recoil systems, the bolt is unlocked from the barrel after safe pressure is achieved.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the energy of the bolt and barrel in a long recoil system?

    <p>Energy is transferred to the return spring.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a short recoil mechanism, the _________ moves rearward enough for extraction and ejection.

    <p>bolt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the recoil mechanism with its characteristic:

    <p>Long Recoil = Complex mechanics Short Recoil = Simpler mechanics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of long recoil operation?

    <p>Quick extraction and ejection</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Short recoil systems are known for having a high rate of fire.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of energy transfer occurs in the springs of a long recoil system?

    <p>Potential energy to kinetic energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key advantage of the short recoil mechanism?

    <p>Higher accuracy than long recoil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the short recoil system, the barrel and bolt move together the entire length.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to the bolt after it reaches the rear limit in a short recoil mechanism?

    <p>It rebounds.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ assists in the blowback by the cartridge case after unlocking of the bolt and barrel.

    <p>blowback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following terms with their definitions:

    <p>Short Recoil = A mechanism where the barrel moves only a short distance before unlocking Blowback = The rearward movement of the cartridge case to assist in bolt operation Recoil Op = Operation reliant on the energy of the recoil force Accelerator = Device that increases the speed of the bolt's rearward movement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of the recoil intensifier in a short recoil mechanism?

    <p>To increase the recoil velocity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Short recoil mechanisms generally have a lower rate of fire compared to long recoil systems.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by 'separated masses' in the context of short recoil mechanisms?

    <p>The bolt and barrel move separately, resulting in higher velocities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable disadvantage of gas-operated systems?

    <p>Lack of energy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Short stroke pistons travel the entire distance with moving parts.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the function of the gas vent in gas-operated systems?

    <p>To regulate gas pressure and operate the weapon's working parts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A __________ piston is permanently connected to the breechblock.

    <p>long stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of gas operation with their characteristics:

    <p>Short Stroke Piston = Independent cycle Long Stroke Piston = Controlled by piston Variable Intake = Gas enters through different sized gas tr Constant Volume = Self-regulating system</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the energy retained by propellant gases in the operation system?

    <p>42%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Gas operation systems have no means of adjusting power.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does a high pressure gas vent have on the weapon's design?

    <p>It increases the weight of the weapon due to robust mechanisms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The __________ system has a gas vent fixed with the gas regulator.

    <p>variable intake</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following firearms with their gas intake types:

    <p>7.62 mm BREN LMG = Variable Intake 5.56 mm INSAS FAMILY = Fixed Intake/Variable Exhaust M-60 GPMG = Constant Volume 7.62 mm SLR = Short Stroke</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the effect of the gas system on the accuracy of a weapon?

    <p>More accurate with short recoil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Fumes from short recoil systems are negligible.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes the design of short stroke pistons?

    <p>They are separated from the breechblock and operate independently.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the gas system operation, pressure is __________ for efficient functioning.

    <p>tapped</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a characteristic of long stroke pistons?

    <p>More robust</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What percentage of energy is retained by propellant gases in the blowback system of operations?

    <p>42%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a blowback system, the cartridge case acts like a piston.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the method of operation in which the barrel is free to recoil within the weapon's body?

    <p>Recoil system of operations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a blowback system, the _____ provides the energy to complete the operation cycle.

    <p>cartridge case</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the types of blowback systems with their characteristics:

    <p>Simple Blowback = Recoil spring and bolt mass prevents rearward movement of the case Lever-Delayed Blowback = Creates delay through mechanical disadvantage Roller-Delayed Blowback = Using pivoted roller to delay the opening of the breech Gas Delayed Blowback = Utilizes gas pressure to control the timing of the operation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of the blowback with API method?

    <p>Breech block weight reduced</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the recoil system, the bolt is moved forward when the bullet is fired.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the disadvantage of a high breech block in a blowback system?

    <p>Less reliability and potential for reduced accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ in a recoil system ensures forward movement of the bolt after recoil.

    <p>return spring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a type of blowback system?

    <p>Rotational Blowback</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Early firing is considered a danger in the blowback with API method.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What primarily causes recoil according to the principle of conservation of momentum?

    <p>The forward momentum gained by the projectile and exhaust gases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The _____ is a firearm mechanism where the barrel and bolt move together during recoil.

    <p>long recoil</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the recoil system of operations?

    <p>Locked breech mechanism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the terminology with its corresponding percentage of energy in the blowback system:

    <p>Propellant gases motion = 03% Heat loss to weapon &amp; projectile = 20% Projectile motion = 32% Rotational energy = 0.15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Auto Ops - II

    • The aim of this presentation is to introduce students to the principles of automatic operations in small arms.

    Basic Cycle of Operations

    • The basic cycle of operation includes the following steps:
      • Fire
      • Lock
      • Load
      • Unlock
      • Extract
      • Feed
      • Cock
      • Eject

    Manual Actions

    • Different types of manual actions in firearms:
      • Bolt
      • Lever
      • Pump

    Automatic Action - Origin

    • Early automatic firearms faced problems with gunpowder, including excessive smoke, stoppages and fouling.
    • Sir Frederick Abel introduced smokeless powder/cordite to address these issues.
    • Hiram Stevens Maxim invented the first fully automatic machine gun in 1884.

    Pressure-Time Curve

    • A graph showing the relationship between pressure and time during cartridge firing.
    • It illustrates pressure build-up, peak pressure, and pressure drop to a safe level.
    • Different phases include:
      • Cap struck
      • Ignition of propellant
      • Bullet ejected
      • etc

    Energy

    • Energy distribution in a firearm during firing:
      • Propellant gases motion - 03%
      • Frictional losses - 03%
      • Heat loss to weapon & projectile - 20%
      • Heat retained by propellant gases - 42%
      • Projectile motion - 32%
      • Rotational energy - 0.15%
      • Recoil motion - 0.02-0.50%

    Energy Sources

    • The sources of energy for firearm operation are:
      • Brl gas pressure
      • Recoil
      • Muzzle blast

    Energy Tapping

    • Mechanisms for extracting energy from the operation of firearms.

    Automatic Action

    • Various categories of automatic actions in firearms:
      • Blowback
      • Recoil operated
      • Gas operated

    Types of Operations

    • Different systems of utilizing energy for weapon operation:
      • Gas systems of operations
      • Blowback systems of operations
      • Recoil systems of operations

    Key Takeaways

    • Revisions for automatic operation designing of components and processes.
    • Specific details of different operations/systems of operation.
    • Consideration of designing own weapon systems

    Blowback Systems of Operations - Part 1

    • Definition: A method of operation where the energy for the cycle of operations is provided to the bolt by the backward movement of the cartridge case.
    • The cartridge case acts as a piston pushing on the bolt to operate the firearm.

    Blowback Systems of Operations - Part 2

    • Additional aspects of blowback firearm operation:
      • Direct energy to the bolt.
      • Cart case acts like a piston.
      • Case free to move until pressure is high (allowing it to act on the bolt).

    Blowback Systems of Operations - Part 3

    • Specific actions for blowback systems include:
      • Firing
      • Actions till Obturation.
      • Actions Post Obturation.
      • Blowback Cycle of Operations.

    Principle

    • The Law of Conservation of Momentum: The total momentum of the interacting objects remains constant. m₁v₁ + m₂v₂ = m₁v'₁ + m₂v'₂

    Simple Blowback

    • The type of blowback where the bolt moves rearward and returns to full recoil position.
    • Recoil spring and bolt mass prevent the backward movement of the case.

    Simple Blowback - Examples

    • 7.65 mm SA VZ61 Skorpion SMG
    • AGS-17 'Plamya'

    Measures to Control Blowback Force

    • Methods to lessen the force of blowback in firearms:
      • Parallel Cart Case
      • Parallel Chamber
      • Low powered Ammunition

    Disadvantages of Simple Blowback

    • High bolt and spring requirements
    • Less range
    • Lesser accuracy
    • Wear and tear are some drawbacks

    API Blowback - Aspects

    • Specific features of the API blowback system.
    • Relevant mechanisms

    API Blowback - Examples and analysis

    • Specific models of firearms utilizing API blowback mechanism.

    Cycle of Operations - Analysis details

    • Loading/Firing, etc steps in different type of firearms
    • Blowback operation with a 9mm CMG in specific operational steps.

    Characteristics of the API Blowback

    • Detailed specifications of specific characteristics.

    Blowback with API - Examples

    • Specific weapon systems utilizing the API blowback mechanism.

    Blowback with API - Dangers of misuse

    • Specific risks of misusing API systems are discussed (e.g early/late firing, obstruction of chamber, abnormal chambering).

    Delayed Blowback

    • Detailed characteristics of the Delayed blowback system.
    • Mechanisms and design features of this system.

    Delayed Blowback - Types

    • Examples of levers or rollers used and analyzed.

    Delayed Blowback - Advantage

    • Simple design
    • Affordability
    • Robustness (durability)

    Delayed Blowback - Disadvantage

    • High Breech Block
    • Lesser MV in chamber volume
    • Unsuitable for certain situations.

    Comparison of Operation Types

    • Detailed comparison between Blowback, Recoil and Gas weapon operation mechanisms

    Miscellaneous

    • Specific examples of various gas/recoil/blowback operational systems and analysis.

    Recoil Systems of Operations - Part 1

    • Definition of Recoil System Operation: A method of operation where the barrel is free to recoil in the weapon body; and is locked via the breech/bolt. The reaction force of the bullet's movement generates the energy.

    Recoil Systems of Operations - Part 2

    • Conservation of Momentum is central to recoil actions in Firearms.
    • Forces on the bullet cause the weapon body to move backward. Non Recoil weapons have forces affecting the entire firearm. Recoil weapons have a portion of the weapon moving while retaining the firearm relative to the ground, and the shooter.

    Recoil Systems of Operations - Part 3

    • Recoil is a result of momentum conservation.
    • Forces on the bullet cause the weapon to move backwards.

    Recoil Characteristics

    • Force exerted on bolt and the barrel during recoil.

    Recoil Options

    • Different options of recoil actions are described.
    • Short and long recoil are discussed and explained.

    Long Recoil - Components

    • Components necessary for the long recoil action are described.

    Long Recoil - Operation Steps

    • Detailed analysis of the operation in 5 steps.
      • Start of Cycle
      • Brl and breechblock fully recoil together
      • Brl Returns, bolt held back.
      • Bolt released, and new round loaded
      • Ready to fire next round

    Long Recoil - Characteristics

    • Specific strengths and weaknesses in long recoil weaponry
    • Details of the benefits and difficulties.

    Short Recoil - Components

    • Components required for this system.

    Short Recoil - Operation Steps

    • Detail analysis of the 5 steps required.
      • Start of Cycle
      • Bolt Unlocked
      • Acceleration is complete
      • Brl Rebounding
      • New Round loaded.

    Short Recoil - Characteristics

    • Strengths and weaknesses of this system.

    Short Recoil - High Rate of Fire

    • Details on high rate of fire.
    • Analysis of the cause and effect.

    Recoil Intensifier - Need

    • Details on the required features.

    Gas Operation - Why

    • High energy efficiency.
    • Flexibility in energy regulation.

    Gas Systems of Operations

    • Principles of operation are described.
    • Detailed characteristics are analyzed.

    Ideal Location of Gas Vent

    • Correct placement of gas vents in weapons is described.

    Gas Vent - Placement

    • Determining the ideal location for gas vents is discussed.

    LOC of Gas Vent near Muzzle

    • Details of the function of placements near the muzzle of weaponry

    LOC of Gas Vent near Chamber

    • Details about the functions and placements of gas vents near the chamber of weaponry.

    Control of Gases

    • Different methods of controlling gases in weapons are described.
    • Various mechanisms are analyzed.

    Variable Intake

    • This method is the oldest and has a simple design.
    • Gas regulator fixed with gas vent.
    • Rotating the regulator will align different sized gas passages
    • Gases enter via different gas passages.

    Fixed Intake/Variable Exhaust

    • Constant volume of gases enter through gas vent.
    • Escape of gases can be adjusted..

    Constant Volume

    • Self-regulating system with a tiny gas vent.
    • Gas enters a hollow piston, pushing the operating rod which engages the bolt.
    • The vent is broken on movement, and gases escape.

    Types - Piston

    • Short stroke Piston - Piston is separated from the breech-block/bolt carrier
    • Long Stroke Piston - Piston is permanently connected to the breech-block/bolt carrier

    Short Stroke - Piston to Push/Tap Breechblock

    • Piston separated from carrier/operating rod.
    • Piston impacts on breechblock, releasing energy.

    Long Stroke - Piston Pushes Breechblock

    • Piston permanently attached to carrier
    • Piston movement controls bolt position and speed.

    Comparison of Piston Types

    • Short versus long stroke piston mechanisms- strengths and weaknesses are detailed.

    Direct Gas Impingement

    • No piston or gas regulator are present
    • Gas directly interacts with the reciprocating parts.
    • Lightweight design
    • More fouling will occur

    Direct Gas Impingement - Comparison

    • Comparison of this system with other types of firearm operating systems
      • Easier to design and build
      • Heavier and more expensive to build.

    Advantages of Direct Gas Impingement

    • Simplified design, lower weight.

    Disadvantages of Direct Gas Impingement

    • Higher fouling and gas-related issues.

    Comparison of Weaponry Operation Systems

    • A table comparing different types of mechanism
    • Summarizing different characteristics.

    Conclusion

    • Overall conclusions about different operation system classifications.

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    Auto Ops II PDF

    Description

    Test your knowledge on automatic firearms, including the first fully automatic machine gun and various recoil mechanisms. This quiz covers energy tapping methods and characteristics of different firing systems in automatic weapons. Challenge yourself to match components with their actions and understand the intricacies of firearm operation.

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