A to Z of ELT Quiz One
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Questions and Answers

What is the main focus of activities that aim to improve accuracy in language learning?

  • Receiving negative feedback (correct)
  • Participating in peer reviews
  • Conducting vocabulary tests
  • Engaging in group discussions

    • What does the term 'discourse community' refer to in the context of professional training?

  • A network of teachers sharing educational resources
  • A group of individuals without common interests
  • An association focused solely on theoretical discussions
  • Group engagement with a specific language and terminology (correct)

    • What do achievement tests primarily assess?

  • Overall language ability
  • Engagement in classroom activities
  • The effectiveness of teaching methods
  • Learner's cumulative achievements (correct)

    • What is the purpose of including cross-references in the entries?

    <p>To provide connections between related concepts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes action research?

    <p>Teacher-driven research aimed at improving classroom practice</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the correct order when multiple adjectives precede a noun?

    <p>determiner, adjectives, noun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cycle does action research typically follow?

    <p>Planning - Acting - Observing - Reflecting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of achievement tests in educational contexts?

    <p>To assess the effectiveness of the teaching programme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following categories is NOT mentioned as part of language-related topics?

    <p>Educational psychology</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lexical set describes clothing?

    <p>red, woollen, tight</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of adjectives are 'delicious' and 'exciting' primarily meant to express?

    <p>Descriptive experience evaluation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of language skills, what can activities in a lesson integrate?

    <p>All four language skills or combinations of them</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characteristic is NOT typically attributed to adolescents in language learning?

    <p>They achieve native-like pronunciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is implied by the term 'student-centered perspective' in the handbooks?

    <p>Prioritizing student engagement and learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic of adjectives distinguishes them from nouns?

    <p>They can describe qualities to different degrees.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What could be a negative affective factor during adolescence that influences learning?

    <p>Acute self-consciousness</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following areas is categorized under teaching-related topics?

    <p>Testing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of adjectives can express qualities that do not exist to different degrees?

    <p>Non-gradable adjectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these terms represents a common area of confusion in language teaching?

    <p>Inductive and deductive learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of advanced learners according to the Common European Framework?

    <p>Lack conversational fluency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key reason to involve teachers in the design of achievement tests?

    <p>They understand the specific components of the syllabus.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of activities may be better suited to young learners?

    <p>Activity-based learning with projects and games</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential method for engaging adolescents in language learning?

    <p>Collaborating on a self-chosen scenario</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the book aim to help educators become comfortable with?

    <p>Specialized terminology in language teaching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Adjectives can appear in two forms, exemplifying different roles. What are these forms?

    <p>Attributive and predicative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is further reading suggested in the handbooks?

    <p>To facilitate deeper understanding of specific topics</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a recognized adverb form?

    <p>Loud</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are comparative and superlative forms typically created for adverbs?

    <p>By using a more/most prefix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about adjectives is true?

    <p>Adjectives can be modified by adverbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'adverb phrase' refer to?

    <p>An adverb as the head of a phrase</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes action research from other research methodologies?

    <p>It aims to empower teachers and improve local practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about advanced learners is true?

    <p>Advanced learners are likely self-directed</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature does NOT typically apply to the grammar of adverbs?

    <p>They do not follow the verb in a sentence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common teaching recommendation for adolescents to foster learning?

    <p>Creating opportunities for constructive self-expression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of American English distinguishes it in terms of vowel phonemes compared to British English?

    <p>AmE has fewer vowel phonemes than BrE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which word is an example of a spelling difference between American and British English?

    <p>colour - color</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which category do vocabulary choices differ most significantly between American and British English?

    <p>Lexis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a notable grammatical difference between American and British English regarding the use of collective nouns?

    <p>AmE uses collective nouns as singular.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a unique grammatical structure found in American English?

    <p>Use of 'got' and 'gotten' as past participles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of meanings can adverbs convey?

    <p>Manner, place, time, and frequency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following pairs of words represents vocabulary unique to each form of English?

    <p>C and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example reflects the simplification of spelling in American English compared to British English?

    <p>program - programme</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which modal verb is specifically used to express future ability?

    <p>Be able to</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which position can adverbs not be placed within a sentence?

    <p>Between the verb and its object</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a common way of forming adverbials?

    <p>Conjunction phrases</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement correctly describes the concept of accuracy in language learning?

    <p>Accuracy measures adherence to language rules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an antonym of 'tall' in terms of its gradable opposites?

    <p>short</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic feature of complementaries as antonyms?

    <p>They have no intervening states.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'accent reduction' traditionally refer to in language teaching?

    <p>Minimizing the learner's first language accent</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of adverbs of degree?

    <p>To modify meaning by intensifying or reducing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following represents a common misconception about British and American English differences?

    <p>Spelling is the only area of difference.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the acculturation hypothesis in second language acquisition?

    <p>It addresses the integration into a second language culture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does an adverbial function as a disjunct?

    <p>By commenting on the sentence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is true about the relationship between accuracy and fluency?

    <p>Focusing on one may lead to a decrease in the other.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an adverbial clause?

    <p>As soon as she heard the news, she ran</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically influences a teacher's choice of American or British English?

    <p>The availability of teaching materials.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'pidginized' refer to in the context of language learning?

    <p>A simplified language used for trading</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do conjunct adverbials play in sentences?

    <p>They link clauses or sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which way does American English often express verbs differently from British English?

    <p>It regularizes past tense forms.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'affixation' refer to in linguistics?

    <p>The addition of prefixes and suffixes to words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do American and British English differ in their treatment of the word 'advertisement'?

    <p>Word stress differs between varieties.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which feature is NOT typically associated with accents?

    <p>Intelligence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about the modal verbs can and could is accurate?

    <p>Can and could can express both permission and ability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a prefix?

    <p>sub-</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an affordance in the context of language learning?

    <p>A property of the environment useful for learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an important factor in teaching pronunciation in English?

    <p>Accent addition promotes mutual intelligibility.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following describes a focusing function of an adverb?

    <p>It draws attention to a clause element</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In what context is it most appropriate to use the phrase 'be able to'?

    <p>In discussing future possibilities</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why might learners of English aspire to adopt a Standard English accent?

    <p>It is considered prestigious.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key difference between adjuncts and disjuncts?

    <p>Adjuncts provide circumstantial information, disjuncts comment on the text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of an adverb of manner?

    <p>Slowly</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is a common misconception about speaking with an accent?

    <p>No one has an accent.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does accuracy typically relate to vocabulary use?

    <p>It reflects correct word choice and use.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about learners' progress is generally true regarding accuracy?

    <p>It is often easier to assess than fluency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a significant factor that contributes to a learner's motivation?

    <p>A sense of agency</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true regarding age and second language acquisition?

    <p>Grammar acquisition is unaffected by age.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is meant by the term 'realia' in the context of teaching aids?

    <p>Real objects used in teaching</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which approach encourages learners to take initiative in their learning process?

    <p>Progressive approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of learning is most likely to lead children to develop a native accent?

    <p>Informal learning contexts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which linguistic measure do adolescent and adult learners generally perform better at?

    <p>Pronunciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can the function of agreeing and disagreeing be typically expressed?

    <p>Lexical expressions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one reason for using teaching aids in language learning?

    <p>To enhance comprehension through visual support</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can lead to a state of 'learned helplessness' in learners?

    <p>Dependency on teacher approval</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of agreement expression indicates strong agreement?

    <p>Absolutely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which methodology emphasizes using demonstration and illustration over translation?

    <p>Direct method</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do discourse markers play in disagreements?

    <p>They mitigate the threat to the speaker's face</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is considered inconclusive regarding early second language learning?

    <p>The best age for learning a second language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What enables learners to connect with other learners and teachers in language learning contexts?

    <p>Computer-mediated communication</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the primary benefits of learner-learner interaction?

    <p>It increases opportunities for language practice.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the function of instructions?

    <p>They provide sequences of tasks to complete.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary goal of focusing on intelligibility in language learning?

    <p>To communicate effectively with non-native speakers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of a speaker's accent typically has a greater impact on intelligibility?

    <p>Suprasegmental features like rhythm and intonation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a type of text that provides instructions?

    <p>News articles.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do intensifiers do in language?

    <p>They modify the meaning of verbs, adjectives, and adverbs.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement reflects the view of Michael Long regarding interaction in language learning?

    <p>Negotiation of meaning is beneficial for language acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of timing during group tasks?

    <p>To define how long learners have to complete their task.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a communication strategy for maintaining intelligibility?

    <p>Repairing communication failures.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What effect does the structure and outcome of a task have on group interaction?

    <p>They determine the quality of interaction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following strategies is typically used to facilitate a reading task?

    <p>Skimming the text before intensive reading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the IMPERATIVE mood used for in instructions?

    <p>To issue commands or direct actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of using prepositions of place in instructions?

    <p>To ensure clarity in the tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common issue faced during groupwork that can hinder language practice?

    <p>Resorting to the use of the mother tongue.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most common spoken expression used to apologize?

    <p>I'm sorry</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which expression is typically used for slightly impolite behavior?

    <p>Pardon me</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does Stephen Krashen argue is necessary for language acquisition?

    <p>Comprehensible input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a CR technique used to help learners notice language features?

    <p>Input enhancement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'appraisal' in linguistics refers to how speakers express what?

    <p>Personal attitudes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does 'i + 1' represent in the context of input for language learning?

    <p>Input plus grammatical forms slightly above the learner's level</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three categories of appraisal language?

    <p>Affect, judgment, and appreciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of language is frequently absent in learners' spoken and written discourse?

    <p>Positive appraisal language</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of caregiver speech when communicating with young children?

    <p>To simplify and elaborate the input</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which form is the -ing used when it acts as the subject of a clause?

    <p>Noun</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Applied linguistics primarily focuses on which area?

    <p>Second language teaching and learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is NOT a function of the -ing form in English?

    <p>Releasing cognitive load</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a stance adverbial?

    <p>Unfortunately</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a major critique of the input-output model of language learning?

    <p>It is too simplistic and mechanistic</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of language does appropriacy relate to?

    <p>Suitability for context</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which example illustrates the adjective use of the -ing form?

    <p>a very boring talk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which kind of feedback is commonly used to respond to an apology?

    <p>Don't worry about it</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a typical usage of the phrase 'I'm afraid'?

    <p>To decline a request politely</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are instructions mainly communicated in a classroom setting?

    <p>Typically verbally</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these forms combines characteristics of both nouns and verbs?

    <p>Painting</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of consciousness-raising techniques?

    <p>To assist learners in noticing input features</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which is an example of the -ing form acting as a preposition?

    <p>Regarding your offer</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which category of appraisal expresses opinions?

    <p>Appreciation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term is used to describe the planning and implementing of language policies?

    <p>Language planning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is true about how input should be modified according to teaching practices?

    <p>It should be simplified, slower, and more elaborated</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which phrase indicates a participle clause in the following example: 'Seeing is believing'?

    <p>Seeing</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not related to the personal expression of attitudes in appraisal language?

    <p>Grammatical accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why is 'intake' significant in the language learning process?

    <p>It is the first step towards accommodation in interlanguage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What generally conveys a sense of ongoing activity in language?

    <p>Present participating forms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of discourse repair strategies in communication?

    <p>To facilitate language acquisition</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic is least associated with teacher-learner interactions in traditional contexts?

    <p>Usage of open-ended questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What term describes the transitional grammatical system created by a language learner?

    <p>Interlanguage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a feature of interlanguage during its early stages?

    <p>Basic syntax with few inflections</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What contributes to the sensation of being on the 'intermediate plateau' for learners?

    <p>The feeling of stagnation in fluency or accuracy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How many word families are estimated to be needed for learners to break through the intermediate ceiling?

    <p>3000</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the term used for the features of speech such as stress, rhythm, and intonation?

    <p>Prosody</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor is least likely to foster a conducive learning environment according to sociocultural learning theory?

    <p>Instructor dominance in discourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role does 'scaffolding' play in language learning interactions?

    <p>It provides interactional support for learners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The term 'fossilization' in language learning refers to what phenomenon?

    <p>Stagnation in language development</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is often a demotivating factor for intermediate learners in language acquisition?

    <p>Feeling trapped on the intermediate plateau</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of instructional conversations?

    <p>They reflect naturally occurring talk</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic unit of intonation in speech called?

    <p>Tone group</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary function of intonation in communication?

    <p>Achieving coherence in connected discourse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement describes the role of pitch in tone units?

    <p>A rise in pitch indicates new information</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do grammatical functions of intonation manifest in questions?

    <p>Rising intonation is typical in yes/no questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What typically occurs when a tone unit ends with a rise in pitch?

    <p>It suggests that the conversation will continue</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Inversion in English mainly occurs when forming which type of sentences?

    <p>Questions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which scenario does NOT typically involve inversion?

    <p>In past tense statements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an example of a formal invitation style?

    <p>It would give us great pleasure if you could join us for dinner.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Refusing an invitation usually involves which of the following steps?

    <p>Accepting, apologizing, and then giving an excuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of language learning emphasizes exposure over formal study?

    <p>Communicative approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following uses inversion in its formation?

    <p>Seldom have I seen such enthusiasm.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What characterizes high key in intonation?

    <p>Suggesting contrast in attitude</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function of intonation relates to the expression of emotions such as surprise or boredom?

    <p>Attitudinal function</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about pitch in language is inaccurate?

    <p>High pitch is associated with old information.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates informal speech invitations?

    <p>Join us for dinner, if you can.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What challenges do learners face when using the past simple tense?

    <p>Forming its question and negative constructions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which function is NOT associated with the use of pause fillers?

    <p>Providing details to complex sentences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which aspect describes the perfect verb form in English?

    <p>It combines with the progressive for continuous action</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How are the perfect tenses structured?

    <p>By combining the auxiliary verb 'have' with the past participle</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which situations is the past simple tense commonly used?

    <p>Narrating past events in stories</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following terms best captures the primary function of the past simple?

    <p>Remote form</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the basic meaning conveyed by the perfect aspect?

    <p>Actions related to a specific point in time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is commonly used as a pause filler in conversation?

    <p>Um</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one proposed method to restore the playful element in language learning?

    <p>Emphasizing memorization and recitation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does learner-centred instruction differ from traditional teaching?

    <p>It allows learners to have a say in curriculum decisions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an aim of learner training in language learning?

    <p>To achieve long-term learner autonomy</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of good language learners?

    <p>Avoiding mistakes to prevent embarrassment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What distinguishes cognitive strategies from other learning strategies?

    <p>They are focused on processing data and performing specific tasks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which learning strategy involves self-regulation and reflection?

    <p>Metacognitive strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What kind of approach does learner-centredness advocate for in the classroom?

    <p>Group work and peer interaction</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might learning strategies be classified?

    <p>Based on whether they are cognitive, metacognitive, or social/affective</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does learner training often incorporate?

    <p>Awareness of effective learning strategies</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a misconception about learner-centred instruction?

    <p>It is solely beneficial without any negatives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can learning styles affect one's learning experience?

    <p>They may differ based on historical teaching experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement best articulates a learning-centred approach?

    <p>Integrates both learner-centred and teacher-centred interactions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a fundamental misconception about the use of strategies in language learning?

    <p>All learners will benefit from the same strategies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of learner typically prefers to focus on details rather than the big picture?

    <p>Analytic learners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Howard Gardner proposed a model that includes how many distinct intelligences?

    <p>Seven</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does bias towards left-brain processing generally correlate with?

    <p>Verbal and rule-forming learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which lesson design model involves presenting a grammar item, followed by practice?

    <p>PPP</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a class of learning styles that contrasts solitary learners?

    <p>Extrovert learners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What principle does Jim Scrivener argue should always be included in effective language lessons?

    <p>Authentic language use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What component is part of the 'model-muddle-meddle' lesson design model?

    <p>Modeling a task</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sensory orientation is NOT mentioned in the context of neuro-linguistic programming?

    <p>Cognitive</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key focus when planning lesson activities according to effective lesson design principles?

    <p>Sequencing activities logically</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of learner is characterized by their tendency to act quickly rather than reflectively?

    <p>Impulsive learners</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one potential issue with correlating learning style to specific learning behaviors?

    <p>Lack of convincing evidence</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which principle does not align with B. Kumaravadivelu's proposed macro-strategies for language teaching?

    <p>Simplify lesson objectives</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary purpose of a lesson plan?

    <p>To map out a teacher's intentions for the lesson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which factor can potentially influence learning style and is difficult to isolate?

    <p>Personality</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What should a lesson plan typically include regarding learners' prior knowledge?

    <p>Assumptions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does a lesson plan enhance the teacher's expertise?

    <p>By demonstrating detailed planning practices</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main focus of a lexical approach to language teaching?

    <p>Vocabulary</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the procedural aspect of a lesson plan?

    <p>A stage-by-stage outline of the lesson</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What concept does Michael Lewis challenge in his Lexical Approach?

    <p>The traditional view of grammar application</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of lesson plans allows for unexpected learning opportunities?

    <p>Dynamic mix of planned and unplanned elements</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is typically included in the 'materials' section of a lesson plan?

    <p>Tools and aids the teacher will use</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to corpus linguistics, how are words typically constrained?

    <p>By habits of association with other words</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best defines 'collocations' in language?

    <p>Commonly occurring word combinations</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an anticipated problem mentioned in lesson planning?

    <p>Difficulties in understanding a concept</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What do Jane and Dave Willis advocate for in classroom practice?

    <p>Task-based learning</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which sentence exemplifies the function of the past simple tense?

    <p>Did you see the movie last night?</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a lexical syllabus, what influences the selection of vocabulary?

    <p>High frequency and usage patterns</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What function do 'pause fillers' serve in speech?

    <p>To replace silent moments</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What defines a keyword in a text?

    <p>A word that appears significantly more often in a specific text.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Stephen Krashen, what is the primary process for acquiring a second language?

    <p>Natural exposure to comprehensible input without stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the no-interface position claim regarding language acquisition and learning?

    <p>Acquisition and learning are entirely separate processes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key component of language awareness for teachers?

    <p>Knowledge of the learners' languages and their cultural contexts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which term describes the cognitive process of developing a mental grammar according to Krashen?

    <p>Creative construction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In language analysis, which component is primarily studied?

    <p>The structure of grammar and phonology.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does language play benefit language development in children?

    <p>It provides a fun and engaging way to manipulate sounds and words.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which statement about second language acquisition does Krashen contest?

    <p>Formal learning is essential for second language acquisition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What role do keywords play in understanding a text?

    <p>They reveal the topic and essential vocabulary for comprehension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What can effective language analysis provide for EFL teachers?

    <p>Understanding of linguistic errors made by learners.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which characteristic describes a kinesthetic learner?

    <p>Learns best through movement and hands-on activities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What might be a reason for the effectiveness of language play in second language learning?

    <p>It encourages playful and creative use of language.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does Stephen Krashen’s view differentiate acquisition from learning?

    <p>Acquisition is natural; learning involves conscious study.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the term 'universal grammar' refer to?

    <p>The innate grammatical structure shared across all languages.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Introduction to Macmillan Books for Teachers

    • The book is for trainee teachers, practicing teachers, and teacher trainers, aiding skill development, reflection, theoretical understanding, and improvement.
    • The series uses a humanistic and learner-centered approach with practical techniques, theoretical insights, and methods for application.
    • The author advocates for diverse teaching methods beyond traditional coursebook approaches, emphasizing the importance of context and learner variables.

    "A-Z of ELT" - Introduction

    • The book is intended for English as a foreign or second language teachers involved in training and development.
    • It focuses on specialized language used in the profession, fostering better communication within the field.
    • It aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of key concepts and their interconnections.
    • The book covers topics related to language, learning, and teaching.
    • Specific categories include language-related, learning-related, and teaching-related topics.
    • Each entry summarises core issues, debates, and practical implications relevant to training courses and standard reference books but not biographical details.
    • The book includes a comprehensive index and cross-references for further exploration.
    • All entries are designed for ease of understanding, even with basic knowledge of language teaching—technical terms are avoided.

    Ability

    • Ability is expressed lexically (able/unable, incapable, manage, succeed, enable) and grammatically (can/can't, could/couldn't).
    • Can is used in present contexts and general truths, while be able to is reserved for future abilities.
    • Could/was able to is used for past general abilities, while be able to is used for specific past achievements.
    • Can/could also express permission and possibility.
    • Suitable teaching contexts include job interviews, narratives with past accomplishments and challenges, excuses, and animal capabilities.

    Accent

    • Accent reflects a speaker's social/geographical background.
    • Regional differences exist within a given region.
    • "No accent" generally means speaking with the listener's accent or a standard variety.
    • Received Pronunciation (RP) is a prestigious British accent, but less common.
    • Accent reduction (favoring a standard accent) is contrasted with accent addition (emphasizing intelligibility across varieties).

    Acculturation

    • Acculturation is the process of integrating into a culture.
    • Some studies link second language learning success, in part, to the degree of learner acculturation.
    • Schumann's research, including analysis of Alberto's interlanguage, illustrated this linkage.

    Accuracy

    • Accuracy, often measured by grammatical accuracy, reflects conformity with language rules.
    • Accuracy is contrasted with fluency and was once considered a prerequisite for fluency; this is no longer widely accepted.
    • Accuracy can vary with task factors, such as time for planning.
    • Native-speaker standards of accuracy aren't always relevant for learners of English as an international language.
    • Traditional classroom activities for accuracy include drills and grammar exercises.

    Achievement Test

    • Achievement tests evaluate learning over specific durations (week, month, course).
    • They differ from proficiency tests, which measure overall ability.
    • Test items are linked to specific syllabus components.
    • More modern tests include assembling and presenting portfolios.
    • Washback effect (impact on teaching) and course evaluation feedback are important aspects of achievement tests.

    Action Research

    • Action research focuses on improving classroom practice and empowering teachers with greater control over their work.
    • It prioritizes solving specific teaching problems in context and involves cycles of action and reflection.
    • Data collection from various sources (e.g., questionnaires, surveys, observations) can enhance its rigor.

    Activity

    • Activity in a lesson describes any task learners perform using the target language, from exercises/drills to tasks/projects.
    • Activities can involve a single or multiple language skills.
    • Activity-based learning suits young learners' styles better than traditional knowledge-based methods.

    Adjective

    • Adjectives describe nouns and can appear before or after linking verbs.
    • Modifiable by adverbs (e.g., very boring).
    • Can have comparative and superlative forms: "more boring" and "most boring."
    • Attributive when before nouns, predicative after linking verbs.
    • Gradable (existing on a spectrum, e.g., good, cold) versus non-gradable (e.g., perfect, freezing).
    • Predictable order for multiple adjectives preceding a noun: determiner, evaluation, size, age, color, and defining.

    Adolescents, Teaching

    • Adolescence is a good time for second language learning, often outperforming adults initially, particularly in grammar.
    • High self-consciousness is a negative affective factor in adolescent language learners.
    • Teaching strategies that empower and avoid potential self-esteem threats are recommended.

    Advanced Learner

    • Advanced learners are proficient users (levels C1 and C2 of the Common European Framework).
    • Advanced learners' needs may vary, some focusing accuracy while others focus on conversational fluency.
    • Negotiated syllabi benefit advanced learners who are often self-directed and clear about their learning objectives.

    Adverb

    • Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
    • Many adverbs are formed with "-ly" (e.g., slowly, totally).
    • Can describe the circumstances of actions (time, place, manner, frequency) and express degree.
    • Comparative and superlative forms are possible (e.g., more slowly, most slowly).
    • Can appear initially, mid-sentence, or at the end; adverbs do not typically appear between verbs and objects.

    Adverbial

    • Adverbials contribute to clauses and sentences' circumstantial information or comment on what's being expressed.
    • They can be single words, phrases, clauses.
    • Can function as adjuncts or disjuncts (comments on the sentence) or conjuncts.

    Advising (Note: This seems to be a topic, not a grammatical concept)

    • No specific information found about advising.

    Affordance

    • Affordance is a property of the environment that is potentially useful to an organism.
    • Transferring this idea to language learning allows for considering the opportunities available in the learner's environment.

    Age (in language learning)

    • Relationship between age and second language learning is unresolved and debatable but significant cognitive and maturational differences may make a difference in the learning process.

    Agency

    • Agency means having control over learning.
    • Critical pedagogy highlights differences in learners as the object vs subject of learning as opposed to traditional versus progressive learning.
    • Agency relates to motivation and control of self in the learning process.

    Agreeing/Disagreeing

    • Agreement/disagreement functions are used to respond to opinions and suggestions.
    • Can be expressed lexically (agree/disagree), other ways include "That's right," "Good idea,"and others.

    Aids (in teaching)

    • Teaching frequently involves aids, from traditional tools (blackboard) to modern tools (interactive whiteboards, computers).
    • Visual aids, particularly realia and projections, are important in teaching vocabulary.
    • Materials (audio/video, CD’s, DVD’s, digital) and student-provided resources all play a key role.

    Aim

    • Aims for a lesson plan may be expressed linguistically or in terms of skills sub-skills.

    American English

    • Differences with British English exist primarily in pronunciation, spelling, lexis, and grammar.
    • Pronunciation differences involve vowels and consonants, spelling differences show a tendency toward simplification and regularization, and lexical differences include words with no equivalents, synonyms, differing meanings, and different usage frequency or connotations.
    • Grammatical variations include past simple versus present perfect usage with certain adverbs (just, already, yet) and specific past tense forms.

    Anaphora

    • No specific information about anaphora here.

    Antonym

    • Antonyms are words with opposite meanings.
    • Gradable antonyms (e.g., hot/cold) exist along a scale, while complementary antonyms (alive/dead) have distinct states.
    • Converse antonyms have a reciprocal relationship (buy/sell).
    • Context influences the selection of an antonym.

    Apologizing

    • Apologizing is commonly done by saying "sorry" (with various intensifiers)
    • "Pardon" and "Excuse me" are used for minor apologies.
    • Written apologies typically use "apologize" or "apology."
    • Responses to apologies include "That's OK," "Never mind," and "Don't worry about it."

    Applied Linguistics

    • Applied linguistics applies linguistic theory to solve real-world language problems, including language planning, speech therapy, lexicography, translation studies, forensic linguistics, and second language teaching and learning.

    Appraisal

    • Appraisal (or stance) is how speakers and writers express their attitudes in language.
    • It's interpersonal, frequently using expressive devices (e.g., adjectives) and their intensifiers (adverbs) (eg. awful, stunning).
    • Grammatical (eg. hope) and paralinguistic(eg. intonation) ways also convey appraisal.
    • Appraisal is common in advertising and can contribute to learner training.

    Approach (in language teaching)

    • "Approach" may be a general term referencing language teaching methods and their different foci such as lexical or grammar emphasis.

    Appropriacy (in Language Use)

    • Appropriateness means using language suitable to the context, both culturally and communication-wise.
    • It is an aspect of sociolinguistic competence and related to communication competence.

    Aptitude (Note: This seems to be a topic, not a grammatical concept)

    • No specific information found about aptitude here.

    -ing Form

    • -ing forms, used as verbs, nouns, or adjectives, express ongoing activity, and have different meanings.
    • The difference between participles and gerunds as part of the -ing form is clarified.

    Input

    • Input is the language learners are exposed to, spoken or written.
    • Krashen's input hypothesis suggests comprehensible input is necessary for acquisition.
    • Input should be slightly above their current level (i+1).
    • Modification of input, like caregiver speech, can be helpful.
    • Interaction, particularly negotiation of meaning, also boosts effectiveness.
    • Noticing and acquiring input is key to the language learning process, which is called intake.

    Instructions (Classroom)

    • Instructions are vital for managing classroom learning.
    • They can be verbal or written and include a frame, summary, organization, procedure, mode, outcome, strategy, timing, and a cue.

    Instructions (Giving)

    • Instructions primarily use imperatives and sequences for presenting or performing tasks

    Intelligibility

    • Intelligibility is about others understanding what is being said.
    • Suprasegmental features (rhythm, stress, intonation) are more impactful than segmental features (pronunciation of individual sounds) for intelligibility.
    • The notion of intelligibility considers non-native speakers—particularly for English as an international language.

    Intensifier

    • Intensifiers (e.g., very, totally) modify adjectives, adverbs, and verbs to increase/decrease intensity.

    Interaction

    • Interaction between learners boosts language practice and encourages autonomy.
    • Quality of interaction, influenced by task structure and outcomes, determines effectiveness.
    • Negotiation of meaning, a key element of interaction, requires discourse repair strategies which are potentially beneficial.

    Intercultural Competence (Note: This seems to be a topic, not a grammatical concept)

    • No specific information found about intercultural competence.

    Interlanguage

    • Interlanguage is the grammatical system that second language learners create as they transition to another language system.
    • It's neither the first language nor the target language but exists in between both, as an independent system.
    • Interlanguages have characteristics of the first language and target language, as well as universal features.

    Intermediate Learner

    • Intermediate learners fall between beginners and advanced learners.
    • Descriptors B1 and B2 in the Common European Framework can broadly describe intermediate learners.

    Internet (Note: This seems to be a topic, not a grammatical concept)

    • No specific information regarding Internet is found.

    Inversion

    • Inversion is the reversal of grammatical elements e.g., subject and auxiliary in questions.
    • Inversion occurs in phrases like "Here comes the judge," and "Under the bridge, a wicked troll lived".

    Intonation

    Intonation, a suprasegmental feature, influences the meaning of spoken words.

    • Tones, tone units, and pitch changes distinguish statements from questions and express attitude, discourse relation, and speaker involvement/attitude.
    • Intonation contours (patterns) and features (rise/fall) contribute to connected discourse (tone units).

    Inviting, Accepting, and Refusing

    • "Inviting" functions can be done verbally or in writing, with varied formality degrees.
    • There are a range of ways to invite, depending on the specific context, formality and intent.
    • Accepting is simpler than refusing (no threat to face) while refusing may include a "notion of acceptance" and an apology and may need explanations.

    Irregular Verb

    • No specific information found about irregular verbs in these notes.

    Keyword

    • Keywords are words with significantly higher frequency in a text relative to a broader corpus.
    • Keywords indicate a text's topic and are often pre-taught.

    Learner Autonomy (Note: This seems to be a topic, not a grammatical concept)

    Learner Centered Instruction

    • Learner centered instruction (LCI) empowers learners in areas traditionally teacher-focused (e.g., content, material, and assessment).
    • It aligns with progressive educational approaches, including autonomy emphasis.

    Learner Training

    • Learner training aims to maximize learners' learning opportunities for future autonomy.
    • Techniques identify learning styles, optimal resource usage (dictionaries, grammar books), reading/listening strategies, and memorization methods.
    • Learner training can be a dedicated course component or integrated into lessons.

    Learning Strategy

    • Learning strategies are conscious techniques used to improve learning, often grouped into categories (cognitive, metacognitive, social, affective).
    • These strategies are found and often informed by good language learning techniques used by successful learners of language.

    Learning Style

    • Learning style is a preferred way learners approach learning.
    • Types of learning style encompass different cognitive orientations, sensory preferences.
    • Styles are generally shown in polarities but are often influenced by innate and biographical factors — learning style differences from multiple intelligences or neuro-linguistic programming, and their learning effectiveness vary.

    Lesson Design

    • Lesson design structures individual lessons with a framework that incorporates spontaneity and improvisation.
    • Popular lesson shapes include PPP, TTT, model-muddle-meddle, and text-based lessons.
    • General principles, such as focusing on authentic, restricted, and clarification language use, can inform design.

    Lesson Plan

    • Lesson plans outline a teacher's lesson intentions for a class.
    • They include aims, timetable fit, assumptions, anticipated problems, materials, class profile, developmental aims, and a detailed procedure.
    • While lessons often deviate from plans, good plans help instructors stay on track and are useful for self-assessment.

    Lexical Item

    • Lexical item is a word or phrase in a language that has a specific form and function.

    Lexical Approach

    • Lexical approach prioritizes vocabulary in syllabus design and teaching.
    • Corpus linguistics, studying collocated words/phrases/chunks and frequency, informs this approach and challenges the traditional focus on grammar.

    Linking Verb

    • No specific information found about linking verbs.
    • No specific information found about modal verbs in these notes.

    Motivation

    • No specific information found about motivation in these notes and not a subset of grammar.

    Narrating (Note: This seems to be a topic, not a grammatical concept)

    • No specific information found about narrating in these notes, not a subset of grammar.

    Order of Acquisition

    • No specific information found about order of acquisition in these notes, not a subset of grammar.

    Pause Filler

    • Pause fillers (e.g., "er," "uh") help maintain spoken fluency.
    • Discourse markers (e.g., "well," "actually") and vague expressions can also serve as fillers.

    Perfect (Grammatical Aspect)

    • Perfect aspect combines with tense (present, past, future) to describe actions completed before a specific time or extended from a previous point to the present.

    Phonological Core

    • The phonological core focuses on features essential for intelligibility in international communication.
    • This core aims at practicality and real-world learner interactions.

    Plural (Note: This seems to be a noun type, not a grammatical concept)

    Positivity (Note: This seems to be a topic, not a grammatical concept)

    Politeness

    • Politeness is at play in expressions of disagreement, apologies, and invitations.

    Primary (Note: This seems to be a topic, not a grammatical concept)

    Priming

    Pronunciation

    • Pronunciation concerns the accurate production of sounds and their combinations (speech sequences).

    Psychology

    • Psychology influences understanding of language acquisition and learning strategies.

    Punctuation

    • No specific information on punctuation is found

    Question

    Register

    Repair

    Reflection

    • Reflection on the learning process (e.g., in a journal) is a metacognitive strategy.

    Reported Speech

    • Reported speech involves reporting stated information from an original speaker or writer.

    Rubric

    • Rubrics provide written instructions for a task

    Segmental

    Second Language Acquisition (SLA)

    • SLA is the process of acquiring a second or additional language and covers non-conscious and conscious language acquisition.
    • The two are not necessarily mutually exclusive.

    Sociolinguistic Competence (Note: This seems to be a topic, not a grammatical concept)

    Vocabulary (in language teaching)

    Voice

    • No specific information about voice as a subset of grammar.

    Wh-questions

    • No specific information about wh-questions in these notes, not a subset of grammar.

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    Test your knowledge about the author's long-term focus, teaching methodology critiques, and the roles he has held throughout his career. This quiz explores his beliefs about teaching approaches and the educational credentials that have influenced his work in teacher education.

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