Auditory Pathway and Receptors

The cochlear nerve runs together with the vestibular nerve through the internal auditory meatus to enter the brainstem at the cerebral cortex.

Dorsal acoustic stria arises from the ventral cochlear nucleus.

The ventral acoustic stria constitutes the monaural pathway.

The inferior colliculus is the final sensory relay station for auditory information.

The primary auditory cortex is anatomically known as the occipital lobe.

Wernicke's Area is located in the anterior part of the superior temporal gyrus.

The auditory association area is located in the primary auditory cortex.

The cochlear ganglion is located at the modiolus of the bony cochlea.

Brodmann Areas 41 and 42 are part of the primary and secondary visual areas.

Sensorineural hearing loss can result from defects in the receptor, cochlear nerve, brainstem, or cortical connections.

Cochlear implants are used to restore sound perception in patients with conductive hearing loss.

The Rinne test compares the perception of sounds transmitted by bone conduction to those transmitted by air conduction.

A patient with normal hearing would not hear vibrations in air after bone conduction is over during the Rinne test.

Cochlear implants transmit sound directly to the brainstem.

Trauma can cause sensorineural hearing loss.

Aging is a common cause of conductive hearing loss.

The Rinne test is used to diagnose bilateral sensorineural hearing loss.

Cochlear implants can restore normal hearing in patients with sensorineural hearing loss.

The lateral vestibulospinal tract is an inhibitory tract to the extensor motor neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

Damage to the brainstem at the midbrain level results in the loss of facilitatory influences on muscle tone.

The pontine reticulospinal tract is involved in maintaining balance and equilibrium.

The patient presents with flexion of all the limbs after transection of the brainstem at the midbrain level.

The vestibulospinal tracts are responsible for maintaining upright posture.

The cerebral cortex has only facilitatory influences on muscle tone.

The activity of the vestibulospinal tracts is suppressed by the cerebral cortex.

The patient's head and neck are flexed forward after transection of the brainstem at the midbrain level.

The pontine reticulospinal tract is an inhibitory tract to the flexor motor neurons of the ventral horn of the spinal cord.

Vestibular lesions result in impaired postural adjustments, unsteadiness, and deviation of the eyes to the unaffected side.

Unilateral vestibular lesions cause the eyes, head, and body to turn to the unaffected side.

The vestibulo-archicerebellar loop projects impulses from the vestibular nuclei to the cerebellum only on one side.

Vertigo refers to the illusion or sensation of whirling of the environment only.

All patients with vertigo have vestibular disorders.

Spontaneous nystagmus is present in patients with dizziness or lightheadedness.

Horizontal nystagmus is almost always associated with central lesions involving the vestibular pathway.

Vertical nystagmus is characterized by unidirectional movement.

The direction of vertical nystagmus does not change with changes in the head position.

The head impulse test is used to assess the patient's auditory function.

The caloric test involves the use of electrical currents to stimulate the vestibular labyrinth.

The rotating chair test is used to assess the patient's response to cold or warm water stimuli.

The direction of the motion of the eyes is the same as the direction of nystagmus in the caloric test.

The galvanic test is a bedside test used to differentiate peripheral from central causes of vertigo.

The vestibular function can be assessed at the bedside.

The rotating chair test is used to assess the patient's auditory function.

The caloric test involves the use of a revolving chair.

The tests for vestibular function are used to determine whether the patient should be hospitalized or managed on an outpatient basis.