Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the location of the Primary Auditory Cortex?
What is the location of the Primary Auditory Cortex?
Where are the low tones of pitch and frequency processed in the auditory pathway?
Where are the low tones of pitch and frequency processed in the auditory pathway?
What is the function of the ventral acoustic stria?
What is the function of the ventral acoustic stria?
Where do the high tones of pitch and frequency stimulate the hair cells in the cochlea?
Where do the high tones of pitch and frequency stimulate the hair cells in the cochlea?
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Where are the bipolar neurons located?
Where are the bipolar neurons located?
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What is the name of the area responsible for auditory association and is located in BA 22?
What is the name of the area responsible for auditory association and is located in BA 22?
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What is the function of the cochlear nerve?
What is the function of the cochlear nerve?
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What is the function of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in the central auditory pathway?
What is the function of the dorsal cochlear nucleus in the central auditory pathway?
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Where do the sequential projections of the fibers from the cochlea go to after the dorsal cochlear nucleus?
Where do the sequential projections of the fibers from the cochlea go to after the dorsal cochlear nucleus?
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Where do the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei lie?
Where do the dorsal and ventral cochlear nuclei lie?
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What is the name of the pathway that involves the ventral acoustic stria?
What is the name of the pathway that involves the ventral acoustic stria?
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What is the name of the structure where the inner hair cells are located?
What is the name of the structure where the inner hair cells are located?
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What is the tonotopic representation of the auditory pathway?
What is the tonotopic representation of the auditory pathway?
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Where do the majority of fibers from the lateral lemniscus terminate?
Where do the majority of fibers from the lateral lemniscus terminate?
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What is the function of the medial geniculate body?
What is the function of the medial geniculate body?
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Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
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What is the function of Wernicke's area?
What is the function of Wernicke's area?
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What is the name of the gyrus that houses the primary auditory cortex?
What is the name of the gyrus that houses the primary auditory cortex?
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What is the result of a unilateral lesion in the auditory system?
What is the result of a unilateral lesion in the auditory system?
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Where is the central unilateral lesion located in the brain?
Where is the central unilateral lesion located in the brain?
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Which part of the cochlea is responsible for processing low tones?
Which part of the cochlea is responsible for processing low tones?
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What is the effect of a central unilateral lesion on hearing?
What is the effect of a central unilateral lesion on hearing?
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What is the function of the Olivocochlear or Efferent Cochlear Bundle?
What is the function of the Olivocochlear or Efferent Cochlear Bundle?
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What is the main function of the vestibular system?
What is the main function of the vestibular system?
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What is the name of the pathway that carries information about the frequency of auditory signals?
What is the name of the pathway that carries information about the frequency of auditory signals?
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What do the fibers of the auditory pathways do?
What do the fibers of the auditory pathways do?
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What is the name of the gyrus that is involved in the processing of auditory information?
What is the name of the gyrus that is involved in the processing of auditory information?
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Which pathway is involved in maintaining body balance?
Which pathway is involved in maintaining body balance?
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What is the role of the vestibular pathway in eye movements?
What is the role of the vestibular pathway in eye movements?
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Which pathway is responsible for analyzing the location of origin or direction of auditory signals?
Which pathway is responsible for analyzing the location of origin or direction of auditory signals?
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What is the result of a lesion in the vestibular pathway?
What is the result of a lesion in the vestibular pathway?
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What is the name of the complex that is the origin of the Olivocochlear or Efferent Cochlear Bundle?
What is the name of the complex that is the origin of the Olivocochlear or Efferent Cochlear Bundle?
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What is the coordination of the vestibular pathway with other afferent pathways?
What is the coordination of the vestibular pathway with other afferent pathways?
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What is the result of the inhibitory feedback system involving the Olivocochlear or Efferent Cochlear Bundle?
What is the result of the inhibitory feedback system involving the Olivocochlear or Efferent Cochlear Bundle?
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Which part of the auditory pathway is involved in selective auditory attention?
Which part of the auditory pathway is involved in selective auditory attention?
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What is the direction of the Olivocochlear or Efferent Cochlear Bundle?
What is the direction of the Olivocochlear or Efferent Cochlear Bundle?
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Which vestibular receptors are stimulated when a person riding an elevator could sense even with their eyes closed that it is moving up or down?
Which vestibular receptors are stimulated when a person riding an elevator could sense even with their eyes closed that it is moving up or down?
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Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
Where is the primary auditory cortex located?
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A patient with a severed right vestibular nerve would MOST likely exhibit which of the following manifestations?
A patient with a severed right vestibular nerve would MOST likely exhibit which of the following manifestations?
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Are projects from the vestibuloreticular pathway mainly contralateral?
Are projects from the vestibuloreticular pathway mainly contralateral?
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Which pathway provides conscious awareness of the position and movements of the head in space?
Which pathway provides conscious awareness of the position and movements of the head in space?
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Do the vestibulocerebellar and cerebellovestibular fibers pass through the juxtarestiform body?
Do the vestibulocerebellar and cerebellovestibular fibers pass through the juxtarestiform body?
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Does the medial vestibulospinal tract project to the interneurons that synapse to the extensor motor neurons along the entire length of the spinal cord?
Does the medial vestibulospinal tract project to the interneurons that synapse to the extensor motor neurons along the entire length of the spinal cord?
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Does the ventral acoustic stria project bilaterally to the lateral lemnisci?
Does the ventral acoustic stria project bilaterally to the lateral lemnisci?
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Does the spiral ganglion correspond to neuron 1 of the auditory pathway?
Does the spiral ganglion correspond to neuron 1 of the auditory pathway?
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Study Notes
Central Auditory Pathway
- Receptors: Inner hairs at the organ of Corti
- Spiral Ganglion (N1): contains bipolar neurons whose dendrites connect to receptor cells (inner hair cells) and whose axons form the cochlear nerve
- Dorsal Cochlear Nucleus and Ventral Cochlear Nucleus (N2): receive projections from the cochlear nerve
- Dorsal Acoustic Stria: arises from dorsal cochlear nucleus, crosses to contralateral lateral lemniscus, and is part of the monaural pathway
- Intermediate Acoustic Stria: arises from ventral cochlear nucleus, crosses to contralateral lateral lemniscus, and is part of the monaural pathway
- Ventral Acoustic Stria: arises from ventral cochlear nucleus, sends crossed and uncrossed fibers to ipsilateral and contralateral nuclei of trapezoid bodies and superior olivary nuclei, and is part of the binaural pathway
- Inferior Colliculus (N3): receives projections from the acoustic striae and projects to the medial geniculate body (N4)
- Medial Geniculate Body (N4): final sensory relay station, projects to the primary auditory cortex (Brodmann Area 41,42)
- Primary Auditory Cortex (Brodmann Area 41, 42): anatomically known as Heschl's gyrus or anterior transverse temporal gyrus, located at the dorsal surface of the superior temporal gyrus
- Wernicke's Area (Brodmann Area 22): found in the posterior part of the superior temporal gyrus, contains the auditory association area, where sound is interpreted
Tonotopic Representation
- High tones of pitch and frequency: stimulate the hair cells in the most basal portion of the cochlea, followed by sequential projection of the fibers to the dorsal cochlear nucleus, medial portion of middle geniculate body (MGB), and posteromedial portion of Heschl's gyrus
- Low tones of pitch and frequency: reverse of the high tones
Auditory Lesions
- Unilateral lesion: results in total deafness of the affected ear
- Central unilateral lesion: involves lesions in the cortex, medial geniculate body, or lateral lemniscus, results in central hearing loss, with more marked impairment on the opposite side of the lesion
Vestibular System
- Functions: maintains body balance, coordinates eye, head, and body movements, permits the eye to remain focused on the target even if the head moves
- Afferent pathways: dorsal column pathway, spinocerebellar pathway, visual input from retina
- Classification of Auditory Pathway:
- Monaural Pathway: ascending pathway, consists of projections from the dorsal and intermediate acoustic striae, carries information about the frequency of auditory signals
- Binaural Pathway: ascending pathway, consists of projections from the ventral acoustic striae, analyzes the location of origin or direction of auditory signals
- Olivocochlear or Efferent Cochlear Bundle: descending pathway, from the primary auditory complex to the organ of Corti, functions as an inhibitory feedback system involving regulation and inhibition of impulses from the cochlea
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Description
Test your knowledge on the auditory pathway, including the structure and function of the inner hair cells, spiral ganglion, and cochlear nerve. Explore how sound signals are transmitted from the ear to the brainstem.
