Cortical and Subcortical dementias
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a characteristic of dementia?

  • Deterioration of cognitive function with disturbance of consciousness or perception
  • A sole disturbance to consciousness and perception
  • A single cognitive function deterioration
  • Deterioration of cognitive function without disturbance of consciousness or perception (correct)

    • Which of the following is NOT one of the neurocognitive functions affected by dementia?

  • Memory
  • Perception
  • Motor skills (correct)
  • Praxis

    • What does it mean when dementia involves a loss of multiple separable but overlapping abilities?

  • The abilities that are lost do not overlap at all
  • Each ability loss is completely distinct from others
  • Some abilities may be lost simultaneously, with shared aspects (correct)
  • Abilities are never lost in combination

    • Which of the following is NOT a neurocognitive function affected by dementia, as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Muscle strength</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a common differentiation in dementias?

    <p>Cortical vs. subcortical dementias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of this differentiation, what does 'cortical brain tissue' primarily refer to?

    <p>Outer, grey matter of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In the context of this differentiation, what does 'subcortical brain tissue' primarily refer to?

    <p>Inner, white matter of the brain</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the four 'A's that characterize cortical dementias?

    <p>Amnesia, Aphasia, Apraxia, Agnosia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'aphasia,' a characteristic of cortical dementias?

    <p>Affects a person's ability to use and understand language, showing a vague and empty speech pattern</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'agnosia,' one of the 'A's characterizing cortical dementias, related to?

    <p>Inability to recognize objects and faces</p> Signup and view all the answers

    When a person with cortical dementia experiences 'amnesia,' what does this mean in terms of memory?

    <p>They have a more severe memory deficit, often involving impaired encoding and consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes 'apraxia,' a characteristic of cortical dementias?

    <p>The inability to carry out complex motor activities, such as dressing or buttoning a shirt</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following deficits may be observed in cortical dementia, in addition to the 4 'A's?

    <p>Executive visual-spatial deficits</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the typical motor functioning and psychomotor speed in cortical dementia?

    <p>They stay essentially normal</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the typical severity of depression and anxiety in individuals with cortical dementia?

    <p>They are generally mild if present</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is NOT an example of cortical dementia, as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Vascular dementias</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of diseases affecting subcortical matter in the brain?

    <p>Problems with the conduction of information due to damage to myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five 'D's that characterize subcortical dementias, as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Dysmnesia, Dysexecutive syndrome, Delay, Depletion, Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of 'dysexecutive syndrome,' a characteristic of subcortical dementias?

    <p>Behavioural and cognitive symptoms resulting from dysfunction of executive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In subcortical dementias, what does 'delay' refer to?

    <p>Slowness in thinking and motor skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Depletion' in subcortical dementia is associated with what aspect of cognitive functioning?

    <p>Reduced complexity of thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with subcortical dementia are more likely to experience which of the following psychological conditions?

    <p>Significant depression and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What best describes 'dysmnesia,' as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Loss of memory</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary result of diseases affecting subcortical matter in the brain?

    <p>Problems with the conduction of information due to damage to myelin sheath</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the five 'D's that characterize subcortical dementias, as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Dysmnesia, Dysexecutive syndrome, Delay, Depletion, Depression</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary feature of 'dysexecutive syndrome,' a characteristic of subcortical dementias?

    <p>Behavioural and cognitive symptoms resulting from dysfunction of executive functions</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In subcortical dementias, what does 'delay' refer to?

    <p>Slowness in thinking and motor skills</p> Signup and view all the answers

    'Depletion' in subcortical dementia is associated with what aspect of cognitive functioning?

    <p>Reduced complexity of thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Individuals with subcortical dementia are more likely to experience which of the following psychological conditions?

    <p>Significant depression and anxiety</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes dysmnesia, as mentioned in the content?

    <p>Milder memory problems with difficulty in encoding and consolidation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements about subcortical dementias is NOT accurate based on the provided information?

    <p>Deterioration to motor movement is less common in subcortical dementias.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following conditions is considered an example of subcortical dementia, as mentioned in the content?

    <p>A and B</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Characteristics of Dementia

    • Dementia is characterized by a progressive decline in cognitive function, impacting memory, reasoning, and social abilities.
    • Loss of multiple separable but overlapping abilities indicates that different cognitive skills may deteriorate simultaneously, yet can be functionally distinct.

    Neurocognitive Functions Affected

    • Common neurocognitive functions affected by dementia include memory, language, attention, and executive function.
    • An example of a function NOT commonly affected by dementia is basic sensory perceptions.

    Differentiation in Dementias

    • Differentiation in types of dementia is often categorized as cortical vs. subcortical.
    • Cortical brain tissue primarily refers to the outer layer of the cerebral hemispheres, responsible for higher cognitive functions.
    • Subcortical brain tissue refers to structures beneath the cortex, involved in motor control and emotional regulation.

    'A's of Cortical Dementias

    • The four 'A's that characterize cortical dementias are:
      • Aphasia: Impairment in language communication.
      • Agnosia: Inability to recognize objects or people despite intact sensory function.
      • Amnesia: Memory loss, particularly of recent events.
      • Apraxia: Difficulty in planning and executing coordinated movements.

    Cortical Dementia Deficits

    • Additional deficits in cortical dementia may include impaired judgment and problem-solving abilities.
    • Patients typically retain basic motor functions and psychomotor speed is generally preserved until the later stages.

    Emotional Impact

    • Depression and anxiety are common in individuals with cortical dementia, often resulting from awareness of cognitive decline.

    Conditions and Examples

    • Common examples of cortical dementia include Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, and primary progressive aphasia.
    • Examples of subcortical dementia include Huntington's disease and Parkinson's disease.

    Primary Result of Subcortical Dementias

    • Diseases affecting subcortical structures primarily lead to movement disorders and emotional dysregulation.

    'D's of Subcortical Dementias

    • The five 'D's characterizing subcortical dementias include:
      • Dysexecutive syndrome: Difficulty in managing and organizing tasks.
      • Delay: Slower response times and processing speeds.
      • Depletion: Reduced cognitive flexibility and efficiency.
      • Dysphoria: Emotional instability or mood swings.
      • Dysmnesia: Impaired memory, particularly for new information.

    Psychological Conditions

    • Individuals with subcortical dementia are more likely to experience anxiety and depression as significant psychological conditions.
    • Dysmnesia is related to challenges in recalling information, more pronounced in new memories.

    Misconceptions about Subcortical Dementias

    • Not all cognitive functions are equally affected; some areas may remain intact while others deteriorate more prominently.

    Summary of Key Conditions

    • An example of subcortical dementia includes conditions like Huntington's disease, while cortical dementia examples include Alzheimer's disease and frontotemporal dementia.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on atypical aging and dementia with this quiz. Learn about the deterioration of cognitive function and the various abilities it can affect. Explore topics such as memory, language, perception, and more.

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