Attributes and Approaches to Human Study

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary goal of secondary prevention?

  • To eliminate chronic diseases.
  • To halt the progress of disease at its incipient stage. (correct)
  • To create awareness about preventable diseases.
  • To provide comprehensive care for existing disabilities.

Which of the following interventions is NOT included under secondary prevention?

  • Early diagnosis of diseases.
  • Case finding programs.
  • Screening tests.
  • Vaccination against infectious diseases. (correct)

How does secondary prevention benefit the community?

  • By protecting potential contacts from infection and reducing disease spread. (correct)
  • By completely eradicating diseases.
  • By increasing public awareness of health risks.
  • By preventing complications from advanced diseases.

What is a critical aspect of secondary prevention in infectious diseases?

<p>Reversing communicability before irreversible changes occur. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What stage of disease does secondary prevention primarily target?

<p>Early stages before irreversible changes occur. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of surveillance in disease monitoring?

<p>To continuously scrutinize health factors and trends (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT considered an objective of disease surveillance?

<p>To ensure public health policies are upheld (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'impairment' refer to in the context of disability?

<p>Any loss or abnormality of physical function or structure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does surveillance contribute to health management?

<p>By providing information that can influence policies and health systems (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes disability in this context?

<p>A restriction in the ability to perform activities normally (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of rehabilitation for clients with permanent injuries?

<p>Adjusting the way activities are performed to maximize abilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In what type of facility would magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) typically be performed?

<p>Freestanding diagnostic and treatment facilities. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary benefit of tertiary mental health prevention programs?

<p>To reduce hospital admissions and enable independent living. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What type of hospital focuses on specific conditions or age groups?

<p>Specialty hospitals. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of care focuses on patients whose diseases are not responsive to curative treatments?

<p>Palliative care. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary role of safety-net hospitals?

<p>To provide care to low-income and uninsured populations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes the services of acute care hospitals?

<p>Assistance for relatively short-term illness. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a common characteristic of outpatient surgical units?

<p>They allow patients to go home the same day after procedures. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What factors are included in internal variables regarding health?

<p>Biologic, psychological, and cognitive dimensions (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes illness from disease?

<p>Illness is an individual's perception while disease is objective (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following describes acute illness?

<p>Symptoms appear abruptly and subside quickly (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by healthcare adherence?

<p>The extent to which an individual's behavior aligns with medical advice (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'health behaviors' refer to?

<p>Actions taken to improve overall health and prevent illness (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the subjective experience of illness?

<p>It is a highly personal feeling understood only by the individual (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is classified as a non-modifiable variable in health?

<p>Biologic factors such as genetics (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do acute illnesses typically resolve?

<p>They are resolved without medical attention in most cases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary goal of nurses when caring for chronically ill individuals?

<p>To ensure clients understand and participate in their care (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What initial step should a nurse take upon recognizing a client's non-adherence to a regimen?

<p>Reassessing the suitability of the health advice (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following actions is NOT recommended for encouraging adherence in clients?

<p>Criticize the client for not adhering to the regimen (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the term 'etiology' refer to in the context of disease?

<p>The causation of a disease or condition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage does an individual accept the sick role and seek confirmation from others?

<p>Stage 2: Assumption of the sick role (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following statements best describes a chronic illness?

<p>It typically has a slow onset and lasts for six months or longer. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is one benefit of establishing a therapeutic relationship between the nurse and the client?

<p>It fosters mutual understanding and responsibility, improving adherence. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is essential for effective encouragement of healthy behaviors in clients?

<p>Providing positive reinforcement for small achievements (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is health traditionally defined?

<p>In terms of the presence or absence of disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the World Health Organization (WHO) emphasize in its definition of health?

<p>Health encompasses physical, mental, and social well-being. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a characteristic related to the concept of health?

<p>Striving towards optimal functioning (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a basic aspect of wellness according to the provided content?

<p>Self-responsibility for personal health (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'well-being' refer to in the context of health?

<p>A subjective perception of vitality and feeling well (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is health viewed according to Florence Nightingale's definition?

<p>As a state of being well and utilizing personal powers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect of health is NOT emphasized by the holistic view of health?

<p>Complete absence of disease during assessment (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the ongoing nature of health?

<p>It is a continuous process of development and lifestyle adjustment. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Concept of Health

A complete state of physical, mental, and social well-being.

Absence of Disease

Traditionally defined health as no symptoms or diseases.

Wellness

A state of well-being and optimal health.

Personal Health Definition

Individual perception of one's own health status.

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WHO Definition of Health

Health as complete physical, mental, and social well-being.

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OLOF

Optimum Level of Function, indicating high-level wellness.

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Well-being

Subjective perception of vitality and feeling well.

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Self-responsibility in Wellness

Taking charge of one’s own health and wellness.

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Disability Limitation

The constraints imposed by an impairment, affecting activities.

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Disease Surveillance

Continuous monitoring of disease occurrence and distribution.

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Impairment

Loss or abnormality of a physical or mental function.

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Disability

Inability to perform activities normally due to limitations.

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Objectives of Surveillance

Goals include tracking health trends and informing policy.

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Chronic Illness

A long-lasting condition that usually has a slow onset and lasts for 6 months or longer.

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Non-Adherence

Failure to follow a prescribed health regimen or advice.

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Therapeutic Relationship

A cooperative bond between nurse and client that promotes the client's control over their health.

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Sickness vs. Disease

Sickness is the social concept of illness; disease is the pathological condition.

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Positive Reinforcement

Encouraging healthy behaviors by providing praise or incentives.

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Illness Behaviors

Actions taken by individuals who are sick, like seeking confirmation of their condition.

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Syndrome

A group of symptoms that occur together frequently enough to form a recognized pattern.

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Etiology

The study of the causes or origins of a disease or condition.

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Rehabilitation

A process to help clients adjust activities after permanent injuries.

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Freestanding diagnostic facilities

Centers for imaging like MRI, independent from hospitals.

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Tertiary mental health prevention

Outreach programs ensuring medication adherence for mental disorders.

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Specialty Hospitals

Hospitals that cater to specific conditions or patient groups.

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Acute care hospital

Provides short-term assistance for clients with temporary illnesses.

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Palliative care

Total care focused on comfort for irreversible diseases.

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Safety-net hospitals

Hospitals providing care to low-income and vulnerable populations.

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Outpatient surgical units

Facilities performing surgeries without overnight hospital stays.

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Overall Cost of Therapy

The financial assessment of health treatment methods.

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Health Behaviors

Actions people take to maintain or improve their health.

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Acute Illness

An illness with symptoms that appear abruptly and last a short time.

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Internal Variables

Biologic, psychological, and cognitive dimensions affecting health.

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Healthcare Adherence

The degree to which a person's behavior aligns with medical advice.

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Subjective Experience

An individual’s unique interpretation of their symptoms.

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Disregarding Recommendations

Choosing not to follow medical advice or guidelines.

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Secondary Prevention

Action to halt disease progress in its early stages.

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Levels of Prevention

Framework categorizing actions to prevent disease and disabilities.

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Natural History of Disease

Stages a disease goes through from initial onset to resolution or death.

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Early Diagnosis

Identifying diseases at initial stages, often through screening tests.

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Screening Tests

Tests conducted to detect disease in asymptomatic individuals.

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Study Notes

Major Attributes of Man

  • Man is territorial, meaning they feel safe belonging to their family.
  • Man is an atomic being, rational, and thinking.
  • Man has the ability to communicate.
  • Man is unique but similar to other men.

Major Attributes of Human Beings

  • Brain capacity for abstract thought and conceptualization.
  • Body shape adapted to survive varying climates.
  • Upright posture.
  • Family formation.
  • Tendency to establish and maintain territory.
  • Social interaction.
  • Use of clothing
  • Capacity for language and symbolic representation

Approaches to Studying Man

  • Atomistic approach- studying man at the cellular, tissue, organ, and body systems levels.
  • Holistic approach- viewing man as an interconnected system with parts each greater than the sum of its parts.
  • Man is an open system, interacting constantly with the changing environment.
  • Man is a complete and independent being with 14 fundamental needs.

Systems

  • Closed systems are isolated and do not allow external inputs or outputs.
  • Open systems interact with the environment, allowing for input and output.
  • Human systems are open systems with various inputs and outputs.

Nursing Concepts of Man

  • Man as a biological being- comprised of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems.

Health

  • Health is defined in terms of role, performance, and adjustment.
  • The American Nurses Association defines health and illness as human experiences.
  • Optimal health may coexist with illness.
  • Individuals define health differently.

Wellness and Well Being

  • Wellness is high-level functioning, a dynamic process toward full potential and enjoyment.
  • Well-being is subjective perception of vitality and feeling well.

Basic Components of Wellness

  • Environmental, spiritual, intellectual, emotional, social, and physical dimensions.

Determinants/Factors Affecting Health

  • Physiological influences(genetics)
  • Age-related susceptibility illnesses
  • Environmental factors like toxins and climate
  • Lifestyles (habits, behaviors)
  • Socioeconomic factors(income)
  • Family and Cultural influences
  • Health services availability

Health Belief Models

  • These models help determine an individual's likelihood of engaging in preventative health practices.
  • Health belief model, Health Locus of Control Model.
  • Individual perceptions of susceptibility to illness, the seriousness of the illness, and the effectiveness of treatments are key factors.

Levels of Prevention

  • Pre-pathogenesis (primary prevention)- aimed at preventing disease before it occurs.
  • Pathogenesis (secondary prevention)- identifying disease early and intervening to prevent complications.
  • Pathogenesis (Tertiary prevention)- managing the effects of an existing disease to reduce or prevent further disability or complications.

Stages of Illness

  • Incubation
  • Prodromal
  • Illness
  • Decline
  • Recovery

Health-Illness Continua

  • A spectrum of possible health states ranging from "high wellness" to "death" with individuals moving back and forth on the continuum.

Coping With Illness

  • Illness behaviors as coping mechanisms
  • Illness as a subjective experience.
  • Stages of the illness experience.
  • Impact of the illness on the individual and family.

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