Attachment Theory Studies Overview
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Questions and Answers

What was a significant finding from the Romanian orphan study regarding the timing of adoption?

  • Adopting between six months to two years was most beneficial.
  • All orphans showed equal social development regardless of adoption age.
  • Adopting after two years had the best outcomes.
  • Early adoption led to better psychological outcomes. (correct)

    • Which attachment type is associated with individuals who had positive adult romantic relationships in the Love Quiz study?

  • Avoidant attachment
  • Insecure attachment
  • Secure attachment (correct)
  • Disorganized attachment

    • In Schaffer and Emerson's study, what characterized the 'specific attachment' stage?

  • Infants form a primary attachment and exhibit separation anxiety. (correct)
  • Infants respond uniformly to all caregivers.
  • Infants show no preference for familiar faces.
  • Infants develop multiple attachments simultaneously.

    • What was one of the weaknesses of the Romanian orphan study mentioned in the evaluation?

    <p>The findings cannot be generalized due to extreme conditions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What methodological approach did Hazan and Shaver use in their Love Quiz study?

    <p>Self-report survey</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following stages in the attachment process was characterized by infants showing a preference for familiar people?

    <p>Indiscriminate attachment</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did the 39% statistic in Schaffer and Emerson's study reveal about the nature of attachment?

    <p>Attachment was primarily based on responsiveness rather than feeding.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which method did Schaffer and Emerson use to gather data in their attachment study?

    <p>Longitudinal observation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Lorenz's study on imprinting reveal about critical periods?

    <p>Imprinting occurs during a limited time shortly after birth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant finding from Harlow's study on baby monkeys?

    <p>Comfort was more important than food in attachment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is one of the attachment types identified by Ainsworth in the Strange Situation?

    <p>Secure</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a major ethical concern in Harlow's study on attachment?

    <p>The monkeys experienced severe distress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What correlation was found in Bowlby's 44 Thieves Study?

    <p>Criminal behavior was linked to prolonged separation from mothers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a limitation of Ainsworth's Strange Situation?

    <p>It does not consider cultural differences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What was a significant contribution of Bowlby's research on attachment?

    <p>Provided evidence for the maternal deprivation hypothesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How did Lorenz's findings on imprinting differ from Harlow's findings on attachment?

    <p>Harlow's study involved the role of food, while Lorenz did not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Attachment Theory Studies

    • Lorenz (1935): Imprinting

      • Divided a clutch of goose eggs into two groups: one hatched naturally with the mother, the other in an incubator.
      • Goslings followed the first moving object they saw—either the mother or Lorenz.
      • Imprinting occurs during a critical period after birth.
      • Limitations: Difficulty generalizing bird imprinting to human attachment.

    • Harlow (1958): Monkeys and Contact Comfort

      • Baby monkeys raised with two surrogate mothers: one wire (providing food), one cloth (no food).
      • Monkeys showed a strong preference for the cloth mother, particularly when frightened.
      • Comfort, not food, is crucial for attachment.
      • Limitations: Ethical concerns and limited generalizability to humans.

    • Ainsworth (1978): Strange Situation

      • A controlled observation of infant attachment.
      • Introduces and removes caregiver and stranger in episodes.
      • Identified three attachment types:
        • Secure (Type B): shows distress, comforted on return.
        • Insecure-Avoidant (Type A): avoids caregiver, no distress.
        • Insecure-Resistant (Type C): clingy, high distress on separation, resists comfort on return.
      • Limitations: Cultural biases in attachment behaviours.

    • Bowlby (1944): 44 Thieves Study

      • Compared 44 juvenile thieves to a control group.
      • Assessed "affectionless psychopathy" and maternal deprivation.
      • 14 thieves were identified as affectionless psychopaths.
      • 12 of them had experienced prolonged separation from their mothers.
      • Maternal deprivation linked to criminal behaviour.
      • Limitations: Correlational research cannot prove cause-and-effect and retrospective data can be biased.

    • Rutter et al. (1998): Romanian Orphan Study

      • Studied Romanian orphans adopted in the UK, comparing those adopted before 6 months, 6-24 months and after 2 years.
      • Earlier adoption associated with better outcomes.
      • Later adoption linked to disinhibited attachment (indiscriminate friendliness).
      • Limitations: Extreme conditions in the Romanian orphanages limit generalizability.

    • Hazan and Shaver (1987): Love Quiz

      • Self-report survey assessing adult attachment types and their relationships with early experiences.
      • Found correlations between childhood attachment types and adult romantic relationships.
      • Securely attached individuals had more positive relationships.
      • Limitations: Relies on self-report data, prone to bias.

    • Schaffer and Emerson (1964): Stages of Attachment

      • Longitudinal study of 60 working-class infants in Glasgow.
      • Monthly visits for the first year, and 18-month follow-up.
      • Identified four stages of attachment:
        1. Asocial (0-6 weeks): Infants prefer faces.
        2. Indiscriminate (6-7 months): Infants prefer familiar people but accept comfort from anyone.
        3. Specific (7-9 months): Infants form a primary attachment, showing stranger and separation anxiety.
        4. Multiple (10+ months): Infants form attachments to other caregivers.
      • Primary attachment frequently wasn't the feeder but the responsive caregiver.
      • Limitations: Small sample size, limited generalizability, and reliance on mother's reports.

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    Description

    Explore key studies in attachment theory through the works of Lorenz, Harlow, and Ainsworth. Learn about concepts like imprinting, contact comfort, and the Strange Situation. This quiz highlights the significance of these studies in understanding human attachment.

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