Podcast
Questions and Answers
Imprinting occurs during a specific period shortly after birth.
Imprinting occurs during a specific period shortly after birth.
True
Harlow's research primarily emphasized the importance of food over comfort in baby monkeys.
Harlow's research primarily emphasized the importance of food over comfort in baby monkeys.
False
Ainsworth identified four attachment types in her Strange Situation study.
Ainsworth identified four attachment types in her Strange Situation study.
False
Bowlby's 44 Thieves Study found a connection between maternal deprivation and criminal behavior.
Bowlby's 44 Thieves Study found a connection between maternal deprivation and criminal behavior.
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The findings of Lorenz's study on imprinting can be easily generalized to human behavior.
The findings of Lorenz's study on imprinting can be easily generalized to human behavior.
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Harlow's experiment involved baby monkeys raised with only one type of surrogate mother.
Harlow's experiment involved baby monkeys raised with only one type of surrogate mother.
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Ainsworth's Strange Situation is known for its cultural bias affecting attachment behaviors.
Ainsworth's Strange Situation is known for its cultural bias affecting attachment behaviors.
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Lorenz found that goslings would follow any static object they encountered.
Lorenz found that goslings would follow any static object they encountered.
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Adopting children before the age of six months leads to better outcomes compared to those adopted after two years.
Adopting children before the age of six months leads to better outcomes compared to those adopted after two years.
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Children adopted after six months displayed secure attachment patterns.
Children adopted after six months displayed secure attachment patterns.
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The Love Quiz conducted by Hazan and Shaver used a qualitative method to assess attachment types.
The Love Quiz conducted by Hazan and Shaver used a qualitative method to assess attachment types.
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In Schaffer and Emerson's research, 39% of infants had their primary attachment to their feeding caregiver.
In Schaffer and Emerson's research, 39% of infants had their primary attachment to their feeding caregiver.
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The Asocial stage of attachment occurs between 0 to 6 weeks of age.
The Asocial stage of attachment occurs between 0 to 6 weeks of age.
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A limitation of the Romanian Orphan Study is that the extreme conditions in Romanian orphanages may not reflect typical cases of deprivation.
A limitation of the Romanian Orphan Study is that the extreme conditions in Romanian orphanages may not reflect typical cases of deprivation.
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Infants in the Indiscriminate attachment stage show a preference for familiar people but accept comfort from anyone.
Infants in the Indiscriminate attachment stage show a preference for familiar people but accept comfort from anyone.
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Self-report data in attachment studies is completely free from bias and influences.
Self-report data in attachment studies is completely free from bias and influences.
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Study Notes
Attachment Theory Studies
-
Lorenz (1935): Imprinting in Birds
- Divided gosling eggs into two groups: one hatched naturally, the other in an incubator.
- Goslings followed the first moving object they saw (either mother or researcher).
- Imprinting occurs during a critical period shortly after birth.
- Generalization to humans limited due to human attachment complexity.
-
Harlow (1958): Monkey Attachment
- Raised baby monkeys with wire and cloth "mothers".
- Monkeys preferred cloth mother, showing comfort importance over food.
- Ethical concerns regarding monkey distress. Generalization to humans is limited.
-
Ainsworth (1978): Strange Situation
- Measured attachment in infants through a controlled observation.
- Examined responses to caregiver and stranger's presence and absence.
- Identified three attachment styles:
- Secure: Comforted by caregiver upon return, distressed on separation.
- Insecure-avoidant: Avoids caregiver, little distress on separation, avoids caregiver on return.
- Insecure-resistant: Clingy, distressed on separation, resists comfort on return.
- Possible cultural bias in attachment behaviors (ethnocentric).
-
Bowlby (1944): 44 Thieves Study
- Compared 44 juvenile thieves to a control group.
- Assessed affectionless psychopathy and maternal deprivation.
- 14 thieves were identified with affectionless psychopathy, and 12 had experienced prolonged maternal separation.
- A correlational study, not causal. Biased retrospective data.
-
Rutter et al. (1998): Romanian Orphan Study
- Followed Romanian orphans adopted to UK families.
- Compared adoption timing (before 6 months, 6–24 months, after 2 years).
- Earlier adoption resulted in better outcomes.
- Delayed adoption linked to disinhibited attachment (indiscriminate friendliness).
- Extreme Romanian orphanage conditions may limit generalizations to other contexts.
-
Hazan and Shaver (1987): Love Quiz Study
- Surveyed adults about their attachment styles and relationship patterns.
- Found correlations between childhood attachment and romantic relationships.
- Secure attachment linked to more positive relationships.
- Relied on self-report, which can be biased.
-
Schaffer and Emerson (1964): Stages of Attachment
- Longitudinal study of 60 working-class infants in Glasgow.
- Found four stages of attachment development, based on monthly visits and observation.
- Asocial (0-6 weeks): Similar response to people and things.
- Indiscriminate (6 weeks - 7 months): Preference for familiar faces but comfort from anyone.
- Specific (7-9 months): Primary attachment with one caregiver, separation and stranger anxiety.
- Multiple (10+ months): Attachments to multiple caregivers.
- Primary attachment was frequently not with the feeder but the responsive caregiver.
- Limited sample size results in limited generalizability. Data based on maternal reports may introduce bias.
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Description
Explore key studies in attachment theory, including Lorenz's imprinting in birds, Harlow's monkey experiments, and Ainsworth's Strange Situation. Understand how these experiments shaped our understanding of attachment styles and their implications on human behavior. Delve into the ethical considerations and limitations of generalizing animal studies to human attachment patterns.
