Psychology Chapter: Piaget and Attachment Theory
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Questions and Answers

According to psychoanalytic theory, which part of the personality represents internalized societal and parental standards?

  • Id
  • Ego
  • Superego (correct)
  • Unconscious

    • Which stage of psychosexual development is associated with the development of a sense of initiative and purpose?

  • Oral
  • Phallic (correct)
  • Anal
  • Latency

    • In Erikson's theory of psychosocial development, what is the crisis faced during the stage of Identity vs. Role Confusion?

  • Learning to control bodily functions and assert independence
  • Exploring different roles, values, and beliefs to form a coherent sense of self (correct)
  • Developing a sense of trust and security in the world
  • Contributing to society and future generations through work or family

    • Which of the following is NOT a defense mechanism described by psychoanalytic theory?

    <p>Introspection (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Kohlberg's theory of moral development, which stage is characterized by a focus on upholding laws and social order to ensure stability?

    <p>Authority and Maintaining Social Order (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a key characteristic of the preconventional level of moral development in Kohlberg's theory?

    <p>Personal gain and avoiding punishment (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Erikson's theory, what is the potential outcome of unsuccessful resolution of the Initiative vs. Guilt stage?

    <p>A sense of inadequacy and inhibition (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage in Erikson's theory is characterized by the crisis of finding a sense of purpose and contributing to society?

    <p>Generativity vs. Stagnation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious mind is described as a reservoir of...

    <p>Repressed desires, fears, and traumatic experiences (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements BEST describes the core idea of Kohlberg's theory of moral development?

    <p>Moral development occurs through a series of stages, each representing a different way of thinking about right and wrong. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of remediation for dyslexia during childhood?

    <p>Developing independent reading skills (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following intelligences includes the recognition and classification of natural objects?

    <p>Naturalistic Intelligence (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    At what age is the average onset of shuddering attacks typically observed?

    <p>13 months (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept explains that moral statements can be true or false, existing independently of opinions?

    <p>Moral realism (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes object permanence in child development?

    <p>Realizing that objects exist even when not visible (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the preoperational stage of cognitive development?

    <p>Children represent ideas through symbols. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of cognitive development allows children to arrange objects from smallest to largest?

    <p>Concrete operational (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Insecurely attached children show which of the following behaviors?

    <p>Demonstrate severe distress and ambivalence (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What cognitive ability is evidenced by children in the formal operational stage?

    <p>Formulating and testing hypotheses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes securely attached infants?

    <p>They seek comfort after separation. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What limitation characterizes children's thinking during the preoperational stage?

    <p>Difficulty in mastering conservation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following qualities is NOT typically exhibited by a child in the concrete operational stage?

    <p>Egocentrism (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary difference between secure and insecure attachments?

    <p>Consistency of caregiver responses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key behavioral characteristic of securely attached adults in relationships?

    <p>They communicate openly and set healthy boundaries. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How might a child with an insecure attachment behave in social situations?

    <p>Exhibit clinginess or avoidance behavior. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which theory indicates that infants must develop object permanence to form attachments?

    <p>Cognitive Theory (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential effect of social deprivation on child development?

    <p>Delays in intellect and emotional development. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which parenting style is characterized by high control and low warmth?

    <p>Authoritarian (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What did Erikson's theory emphasize as crucial during middle childhood?

    <p>Sense of competence and mastery through social interactions. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of neglect involves the lack of educational support?

    <p>Educational neglect (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a hallmark of the 'Trust vs. Mistrust' stage in Erikson's psychosocial development?

    <p>Meeting basic needs consistently. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How does the behavior of abused children typically manifest in peer interactions?

    <p>Increased aggression and noncompliance. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In terms of short-term memory capacity, what is typically true for adults?

    <p>They can hold about 7 chunks of information. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a criticism related to Kohlberg's theory regarding gender perspectives?

    <p>It reflects male-centric values, overlooking female moral reasoning. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the relationship between cognitive development and moral reasoning in Kohlberg's theory?

    <p>Moral reasoning advances as cognitive abilities become more sophisticated. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What process describes modifying existing schemas to incorporate new information, according to Piaget's theory?

    <p>Accommodation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following statements is true concerning ADHD treatment?

    <p>Stimulants enhance focus and improve cognitive academic performance. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential origin of conduct disorder related to familial influences?

    <p>Parental insensitivity to children's behavior (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of conduct disorder?

    <p>Excessive empathy towards peers (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In Piaget's theory, which stage reflects the most sophisticated understanding of the world through complex schemas?

    <p>Formal operational (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do schemas contribute to our cognitive processes?

    <p>Schemas help in organizing knowledge and guiding behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a method used in treating conduct disorder?

    <p>Cognitive behavioral techniques alongside parent training (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What aspect of moral reasoning does Kohlberg's theory primarily focus on?

    <p>The reasoning behind moral choices (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development

    • Sensorimotor (birth-2 years): Infants utilize innate skills (looking, grasping, sucking)
    • Preoperational (2-7 years): Children use symbols to represent things; engage in pretend play.
    • Concrete Operational (7-11 years): Children grasp logical thinking in concrete, tangible ways; understand reversibility, conservation, decentration, classification, and seriation (arranging objects).
    • Formal Operational (11+ years): Adolescents develop the ability to formulate hypotheses and test them systematically; think abstractly.

    Attachment Theory

    • Secure Attachment: Infants display mild distress upon the mother's departure and are easily comforted upon reunion; use the mother as a secure base for exploration. Linked to happier, more sociable, and cooperative children.
    • Insecure Attachment (types):
      • Avoidant: Least distressed by mother's departure.
      • Ambivalent/Resistant: Severe distress upon separation, alternating clinging and pushing away.
      • Disorganized/Disoriented: Dazed, confused, may move toward mother but look away.
    • Attachment Differences:
      • Secure: Consistent, responsive, emotionally available caregivers; child trusts caregiver and seeks comfort upon return; explores confidently. Positive self-image and healthy relationships.
      • Insecure: Inconsistent, neglectful, or abusive caregivers; child may be clingy or avoidant; displays exaggerated distress or suppressed emotions; struggles with intimacy and communication in relationships; negative self-image.
    • Attachment Importance: Emotional bond crucial for infant survival; innate infant behaviors elicit caregiving; contact is important for development. Separation anxiety is seen if contact isn't maintained.
    • Theories of Attachment: Cognitive (object permanence needed), Behavioral (caregivers are conditioned reinforcers), Psychoanalytic (caregiver satisfaction of needs).
    • Harlow's Findings: Contact comfort is key to attachment.

    Child Neglect and Abuse

    • Types: Physical abuse, sexual abuse, emotional abuse, physical neglect, emotional neglect, educational neglect.
    • Examples: Wandering child, truant children, siblings experiencing family violence, children in unsanitary homes, children denied special education help, child allowed to use drugs/alcohol.
    • Effects: Abused children often have high personal problems and psychological disorders; less secure attachments; limited peer interactions; increased aggression and non-compliance.

    Social Deprivation and Autism

    • Social Deprivation: Limited social interaction and stimulation during crucial developmental periods leads to delays in intellectual, social, and emotional development.
    • Autism: Becomes evident by age 3 (sometimes earlier); characterized by delays.

    Information Processing Theory

    • Stages: Sensory memory (fraction of a second), Working memory (up to 30 seconds), Long-term memory (vast storehouse).
    • Working Memory: Auditory stimuli retained longer than visual. Adults hold 7 +/- 2 chunks, children adjust based on age.

    Parenting Styles

    • Authoritative: High control and warmth; children are competent, self-reliant, independent, and have high self-esteem.
    • Authoritarian: High control, low warmth; children are less competent and have poor social skills.
    • Permissive: Low control, high warmth; children are socially competent but may exhibit more deviant behaviors.
    • Rejecting/Neglecting: Low control and low warmth; children are least competent and responsible, prone to problems.

    Middle Childhood (Freud & Erikson)

    • Freud: Latency stage; focus on social and intellectual pursuits.
    • Erikson: Industry vs. Inferiority stage; develop competence and mastery.

    Erikson's Psychosocial Stages (Summary)

    • Comprehensive model of personality development in eight stages. Each stage features a unique conflict that must be resolved for healthy development.

    Psychoanalytic Theory (Freud)

    • Core concepts: Unconscious mind (id, ego, superego); psychosexual stages; defense mechanisms; psychoanalysis as therapy.

    Kohlberg's Stages of Moral Development

    • Progress through six stages in three levels of morality (preconventional, conventional, postconventional).
    • Stages differ in the complexity of moral reasoning and the factors impacting ethical choices.

    Piaget's Schemas

    • Schemas are mental frameworks for organizing and interpreting information.
    • Assimilation is fitting new information into existing schemas.
    • Accommodation is adjusting existing schemas based on new information.

    ADHD

    • Neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity.
    • Treatments include stimulants (e.g., Ritalin) and other approaches.

    Conduct Disorder

    • Persistent rule-breaking or violating others' rights. Characteristics include low frustration tolerance, blaming others, and academic underachievement.
    • Possible origins: Genetic predisposition, antisocial family members, parental insensitivity, family stress.
    • Treatments often involve parent training and cognitive behavioral techniques.

    Dyslexia

    • Affects 5-17.5% of children, much more common in boys.
    • Remediation and accommodations are critical at various stages. Origins likely include sensory, neurological, and genetic factors.

    Ainsworth's Attachment

    • Attachment is a deep, enduring emotional bond between a child and caregiver. Mary Ainsworth's extensive research revealed various attachment styles.

    Skinner's Behavioralism

    • Reinforcement and behaviorism are concepts developed by B.F. Skinner related to behavioral modifications and learned responses.

    Gardner's Multiple Intelligences

    • Different types of intelligence based on different brain regions (linguistic, logical-mathematical, musical, bodily-kinesthetic, interpersonal, intrapersonal, naturalistic, existential).

    Shuddering Attacks (Summary)

    • Usually begin between 6 months and 3 years, lasting only a few seconds.
    • Frequency varies, can resolve independently by school age.

    Object Permanence

    • Understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of sight.
    • Develops gradually between 4-7 to 8-12 months, depending on studies.

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    Explore the fundamentals of Piaget's stages of cognitive development and attachment theory in this quiz. Understand how infants and children evolve in their cognitive skills and emotional bonds with caregivers. Test your knowledge on the key concepts that shape child psychology.

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