Atherosclerosis and Platelets
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Questions and Answers

Where do platelets accumulate in the event of endothelial injury?

  • Near the tunica adventitia
  • At sites of endothelial injury (correct)
  • Within the tunica media
  • At sites of leukocyte recruitment

    • What is the primary function of resident macrophages in atherosclerosis?

  • Recruiting monocytes to the plaque
  • Contributing to early atherogenesis and vascular calcification (correct)
  • Expressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines
  • Transforming into foam cells and influencing VSMCs

    • What is the origin of inflammatory macrophages in atherosclerosis?

  • Monocyte progenitors present in the artery since birth
  • Circulating monocytes that infiltrate the plaque (correct)
  • VSMCs that trans-differentiate into osteogenic-like cells
  • Foam cells that express pro-inflammatory cytokines

    • Where are inflammatory macrophages primarily located in the atherosclerotic plaque?

    <p>Near the plaque's lumen (shoulder regions) and within the adventitia</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is NOT a function of resident macrophages in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Expressing pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of platelet adherence to damaged endothelium in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Leukocyte recruitment and VSMC migration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a primary function of foamy macrophages in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Ingesting oxidized LDL, leading to foam cell formation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of macrophage is derived from vascular smooth muscle cells that have undergone phenotypic switching?

    <p>Smooth muscle cell-derived macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of inflammatory macrophages in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Upregulation of genes linked to pro-inflammatory responses and matrix remodeling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary role of resident-like macrophages in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Expressing genes associated with tissue maintenance and homeostasis</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key function of smooth muscle cell-derived macrophages in atherosclerosis?

    <p>Synthesizing and remodeling the extracellular matrix</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of macrophage is primarily involved in the degradation of the extracellular matrix?

    <p>Inflammatory macrophages</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of LDL receptor-deficient (LDLR-/-) mice?

    <p>They lack LDL receptors, leading to atherosclerosis when fed a high-fat diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key feature of Double Knockout Mice (ApoE-/- LDLR-/-)?

    <p>They show severe hyperlipidemia and rapid atherosclerosis progression on a regular diet.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a characteristic of ApoE-Leiden mice?

    <p>They develop atherosclerosis when fed a Western-type diet, leading to moderate hypercholesterolemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Why are rabbits a useful animal model for studying atherosclerosis?

    <p>They are naturally more sensitive to dietary cholesterol and develop atherosclerotic lesions primarily in the aorta.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is an advantage of using pigs as an animal model for studying atherosclerosis?

    <p>They have a similar cardiovascular system size to humans, allowing for interventional studies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key difference between mice and other animal models used to study atherosclerosis?

    <p>Mice have differences in lipid metabolism, cardiovascular anatomy, and plaque characteristics compared to other animal models.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the significance of understanding macrophage subsets in atherosclerosis?

    <p>To develop treatments targeting specific macrophage pathways</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the key characteristic of ApoE-/- mice that makes them useful for studying atherosclerosis?

    <p>They lack the gene for ApoE, critical in lipid metabolism</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the implication of macrophage diversity and plasticity in cardiovascular therapy?

    <p>It highlights the importance of personalized and targeted approaches</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary advantage of using mouse models in atherosclerosis research?

    <p>Their genetic tractability and ease of handling</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the role of macrophages in atherosclerosis according to the traditional M1/M2 polarization paradigm?

    <p>They play a complex and dynamic role</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a potential therapeutic strategy for atherosclerosis based on the understanding of macrophage functions?

    <p>Targeting specific macrophage pathways involved in inflammation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which small interfering RNA therapy targets LPA messenger RNA to reduce apolipoprotein(a) levels?

    <p>Olvasiran</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of Evinacumab?

    <p>Targets and inhibits ANGPTL3, enhancing lipoprotein lipase activity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which treatment is particularly beneficial for patients with familial hypercholesterolemia?

    <p>Evinacumab</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical benefit of Olvasiran?

    <p>Promising new therapy for patients with elevated lipoprotein(a) levels, an independent risk factor for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the mechanism of Olezarsen?

    <p>Targets and inhibits APOC3 mRNA, reducing apolipoprotein C-III production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the clinical benefit of Ziltivekimab?

    <p>May reduce biomarkers of inflammation and potentially lower the risk of cardiovascular events</p> Signup and view all the answers

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