Cardiology Quiz on Heart Conditions and Atherosclerosis

<p>Left heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The amount of blood in the ventricle at the end of diastole (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary diseases (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dysrhythmias (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To measure the volume of blood ejected by the ventricles per beat (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cardiogenic shock (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Left heart failure (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dyspnea, angina, fatigue, syncope, palpitations (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Decreased compliance (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sarcoidosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>25-50% (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrial fibrillation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Right heart failure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Restrictive cardiomyopathy causes increased ventricular compliance, while dilated cardiomyopathy causes decreased ventricular compliance. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fatigue (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Third trimester of pregnancy (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Age (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dysphagia (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Presence of spider veins or varicose veins (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Tender and swollen lymph nodes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Rheumatic heart disease (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chest pain (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hyperlipidemia (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abdominal aorta (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary hypertension (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe pain and hypotension (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bounding peripheral pulses (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pulmonary hypertension (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>ECG (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>One or both cusps of the mitral valve billow upward into the left atrium during systole (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Limb ischemia and lower limb amputation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Family history (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dilated cardiomyopathy (A), Mitral valve prolapse (B), Connective tissue disease (D), Rheumatic heart disease (E)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mitral regurgitation (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>All of the above (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aortic stenosis involves a narrowing of the valve, while aortic regurgitation involves a leaking valve (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased pressure in the heart (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Atrial fibrillation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bacteria (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aortic stenosis (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bounding Peripheral Pulses (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased risk of developing other chronic diseases (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Swelling in the lower extremities (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>PAD is more likely to develop in Indigenous people with diabetes than in non-Indigenous people with diabetes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Understanding the patient's overall health status. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive sweating in the lower extremities (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Higher prevalence of risk factors associated with PAD in Indigenous populations with diabetes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Assessing the patient's mental health status (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To accurately diagnose the severity of PAD (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical inactivity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Changes in vascular tone and/or blood volume (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Underlying disease or medication (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Aneurysm formation (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diastolic blood pressure above 140 mmHg (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Secondary hypertension is always caused by an identifiable cause (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Low blood pressure, high aldosterone, low renin levels (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Excessive release of epinephrine and norepinephrine (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sudden low blood pressure (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A clustering of clinical traits that accelerate cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Physical inactivity (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Coronary atherosclerosis (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated levels of Vitamin D (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Abnormal accumulation of fatty deposits in the artery wall (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It identifies factors that impact the risk of developing cardiovascular disease (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Initial lesions in arterial walls made of lipids that lead to atherosclerosis.

Immune cells that infiltrate the artery wall during inflammation, promoting plaque progression.

When an atherosclerotic plaque breaks apart, potentially causing a blood clot.

The process of a blood clot forming in a blood vessel, often after plaque rupture.

Heart attack caused by the blockage of blood flow to the heart muscle.

Percentage of blood the heart pumps out with each contraction.

Condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to meet the body's needs.

The degree of stretch of the heart muscle before contraction, influenced by blood volume.

The resistance the heart must overcome to eject blood during contraction.

A life-threatening condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood to the body, leading to organ failure.

A condition where arteries are narrowed, reducing blood flow to limbs.

Signs include sores that won’t heal, tired legs, and coldness in feet.

Includes diabetes, hypertension, and lifestyle factors like smoking.

Higher incidence of PAD risk factors among First Nations, Inuit, and Metis peoples.

People with diabetes, especially Indigenous, have a greater risk of developing PAD.

Burning, numbness, or tingling in thighs or calves seen in PAD.

A full head-to-toe assessment includes checking for signs of chronic conditions like PAD.

Factors like smoking and diet significantly affect the risk and progression of PAD.

High blood pressure without a known secondary cause, often linked to lifestyle and genetic factors.

The volume of blood the heart pumps per minute, influenced by heart rate and stroke volume.

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing high blood pressure, including family history, obesity, and age.

High blood pressure resulting from another condition or medication, such as renal or endocrine disorders.

Progression of primary hypertension that leads to organ damage over time.

A severe and aggressive form of hypertension causing organ damage, often requiring urgent treatment.

High blood pressure caused by hormonal disorders like hyperaldosteronism or pheochromocytoma.

Condition involving excess aldosterone production leading to increased blood pressure.

A tumor of the adrenal gland that causes excess norepinephrine, leading to severe hypertension.

Cluster of conditions increasing heart disease and diabetes risk, often with obesity and insulin resistance.

A condition where cells fail to respond to insulin effectively, often linked to obesity.

The enlargement of the heart muscle due to increased workload, often from hypertension.

Hardening and narrowing of arteries due to plaque build-up, often leading to cardiovascular diseases.

Blood pressure readings that are higher than normal but not yet at the level of hypertension.

The pressure in the arteries when the heart rests between beats, important in diagnosing hypertension.

Myocardial rigidity leading to impaired ventricular filling and increased diastolic pressure.

Dyspnea, fatigue, palpitations, cardiomegaly, and dysrhythmias are common.

Typically between 25-50%, indicating impaired heart function.

Generally normal, as the issue lies in filling rather than contraction.

Peripartum Cardiomyopathy (PPCM) occurs with HF symptoms in late pregnancy.

Includes fatigue, swollen feet, and shortness of breath.

Ejection fraction is often less than 45%, indicating heart failure.

Tests include electrolytes, CBC, and cardiac markers like BNP.

Includes aortic and mitral valve dysfunction leading to various symptoms.

Symptoms include systemic venous congestion and peripheral edema.

A life-threatening condition where the aorta tears, causing severe pain and hypotension.

Factors contributing to aortic rupture: genetic predisposition, smoking, hypertension (HTN), and vascular disorders.

Symptoms include dysphagia, dyspnea, and chest pain radiating to the back, indicating possible thoracic aortic issues.

Risk factors for PAD that can be changed include smoking, obesity, diabetes, and high cholesterol diets.

Risk factors for PAD that cannot be changed include age and family history.

Diagnosis often focuses on asymptomatic patients, requiring tests like Ankle Brachial Index and Doppler Blood Flow.

PAD features slow toenail growth and leg pain while walking; PVD may show swollen legs and spider veins.

Common symptoms include leg pain or cramping while walking, leg numbness or weakness.

Patients with PAD are at high risk for cardiovascular death, stroke, myocardial infarction, and limb ischemia.

Abnormal functioning of heart valves affecting blood flow.

Valve issues developed due to conditions like rheumatic heart disease or endocarditis.

Heart damage caused by rheumatic fever, affecting valves.

Symptoms include fever, swollen lymph nodes, and rash.

Infection of the inner lining of the heart, causing inflammation.

Includes fevers, chills, and petechiae (tiny spots due to bleeding).

Narrowing of heart valves, restricting blood flow.

Presenting symptoms are angina, fatigue, and syncope.

Increased pressure in pulmonary circulation and risk of atrial dilation.

Inability of a valve to close properly, causing backflow of blood.

Includes mitral valve prolapse, RHD, and infective endocarditis.

Symptoms such as widened pulse pressure and heart failure signs.

Condition where mitral valve cusps bulge into the left atrium during systole.

Leads to left atrial dilation and possible heart failure.