173 Questions
Asphalt cement is primarily used in the roofing industry.
False
Asphalt cement can be made temporarily fluid by melting it below 100°C.
False
Cutback asphalt is formed by mixing asphalt with aggregates.
True
Asphalt cement is not suitable for construction of pavements.
False
Viscoelastic materials cannot change their state between solid and liquid.
False
Trinidad Lake Asphalt is made from 65% bitumen.
False
All petroleum asphalt is used in road construction.
False
The word asphalt originates from the Latin word 'asphaltos', meaning 'strong'.
False
Asphalt was first used as a road-building material in ancient Egypt around 3500 BC.
False
Asphalt cement is primarily composed of low molecular weight hydrocarbons.
False
The first modern natural asphalt pavement was built in the United States in 1852.
False
Bitumen occurs naturally in rock asphalt and lake asphalt deposits.
True
Asphalt concrete is a simple material consisting of only asphalt cement and mineral aggregates.
False
Edward J. de Smedt invented the sheet asphalt pavement.
True
Asphalt and water can mix together naturally without any additives.
False
The solvent content in rapid-curing cutback asphalts is typically between 0-50% volume.
False
Diesel fuel is used as a solvent in rapid-curing cutback asphalts.
False
Emulsified asphalt is a solid material used in construction.
False
The hardening of asphalt cement occurs as the water evaporates.
False
Kerosene is used as a solvent in slow-curing cutback asphalts.
False
After construction, the asphalt particles in emulsified asphalt separate and do not recombine.
False
Asphalt cements are mainly composed of low-molecular weight hydrocarbons.
False
The chemical composition of asphalt cements is simple and constant.
False
Asphalt cement typically contains less than 1% of nitrogen.
True
The general chemical formula for asphalt cements is CnH2n+b.
False
Asphalt cement is often analyzed based on its chemical composition.
False
The performance of asphalt concrete is influenced by the physical structures of asphalt cement.
True
Asphalt cement typically contains more than 10% of oxygen.
False
The viscosity of asphalt cements is not sensitive to temperature.
False
Asphaltene is a solvent for the resins.
False
Asphalt cement is a thermoset material.
False
At temperatures above 140°C, asphalt cements exhibit a non-linear relationship between shear stress and shear strain rate.
False
The glass transition temperature (Tg) of asphalt cements is not affected by temperature.
False
The dispersed phase component of asphalt cement is the asphaltene.
True
As temperature increases, asphaltenes become less soluble in the resins.
False
The viscosity of asphalt cements is typically measured in units of Pascal.seconds.
True
The viscosity of asphalt cements is independent of the rate of shear strain.
False
Asphalt cements have a viscosity of around 1 x 10⁻³ Pa.s at service temperature.
False
What was one of the primary uses of asphalt in ancient Egypt around 3500 BC?
Waterproofing boats and vessels for carrying liquids
In what year was the first recorded use of asphalt as a road-building material in Babylon?
625 B.C.
What is the primary component of asphalt cement?
High molecular weight hydrocarbons
What is the percentage of bitumen in Trinidad rock asphalt?
40%
What are the two types of natural deposits where bitumen can be found?
Rock asphalt and lake asphalt
What is the primary use of petroleum asphalt?
Road construction and paving
What is a characteristic of asphalt cement that makes it ideal for pavement construction?
It is waterproof and can adhere to solid particles like aggregates
What is the definition of asphalt concrete?
A complex material consisting of asphalt cement, mineral aggregates, and possibly some admixtures
What is the process called when asphalt cement is mixed with selected petroleum solvents to make it fluid?
Cutting back
Who placed the first hot mix pavement with tar binder in the US in 1870?
Edward J. de Smedt
What is the origin of the word 'asphalt'?
The Greek word 'asphaltos', meaning 'secure'
What is the temperature range above which asphalt cement can be made temporarily fluid by melting?
Above 140°C
What is the property of asphalt cement that allows it to change its state between solid and liquid depending on temperature?
Viscoelasticity
What is the resulting material called when asphalt cement is mixed with aggregates and solvents?
Cold-mixed asphalt
What are the main components of asphalt cements by weight?
Carbon (80-87%), Hydrogen (9-11%), Sulphur (0.5-7%), Oxygen (2-8%), Nitrogen (0-1%), and Trace metals (0-0.5%)
Why is a complete chemical analysis of asphalt cements very difficult?
Because of their complex and variable chemical composition
What is the typical range of 'n' in the general chemical formula for asphalt cements?
25 to 150
What is the primary factor that influences the performance of asphalt concrete?
The physical structures of asphalt cement
What happens to asphalt cements when heated above 140°C?
They exhibit a non-linear relationship between shear stress and shear strain rate
Why are specifications for asphalt cements based on their physical and rheological properties?
Because of their complex and variable chemical composition
What is the significance of the coefficient 'b' in the general chemical formula for asphalt cements?
It can be negative
What is the role of the oil in asphalt cement in terms of the resins?
The oil acts as a solvent for the resins
How does the solubility of asphaltenes in resins change with increasing temperature?
Asphaltenes become more soluble in the resins as temperature increases
What is the definition of viscosity in the context of asphalt cement?
Resistance to flow; a fundamental property relating the rate of shear strain to the applied shear stress
What is the typical viscosity range of asphalt cement at service temperature?
105 to 107 Pa.s
What is the term for the temperature below which asphalt cement becomes a non-Newtonian fluid?
140°C
What is the effect of decreasing temperature on the solubility of asphaltenes in resins?
Asphaltenes become less soluble, form micelles, and the material becomes more viscous
What is the term for the temperature at which asphalt cement undergoes a change in its properties?
Glass transition temperature (Tg)
What is the characteristic of asphalt cement that makes it a thermoplastic material?
Its properties are very sensitive to temperature
What is the effect of heating asphalt cement on its viscosity?
It becomes less viscous
What is the role of the resin in asphalt cement in terms of the asphaltenes?
The resin acts as a solvent for the asphaltenes
What is the primary mechanism behind the hardening of asphalt cement?
The evaporation of solvents and reformation of secondary bonds
What is the purpose of emulsifying agents in asphalt emulsification?
To make asphalt and water mixable
What is the resulting product after asphalt cement is dispersed in water?
Emulsified asphalt
What is the characteristic of asphalt cement that allows it to be used in various applications?
Its ability to change state between solid and liquid
What is the range of solvent content in slow-curing cutback asphalts?
0-50% volume
What happens to the asphalt particles in emulsified asphalt after construction?
They recombine into a continuous film that cements aggregates together
Asphalt materials have been used since _______ BC.
3500
The word asphalt comes from the Greek "_________", meaning "secure."
asphaltos
The first recorded use of asphalt as a road-building material was in _______ B.C.
625
The 1st modern natural asphalt pavement was built in _______ in 1852.
French Highway
Asphalt cement is a viscous _______ material composed primarily of high molecular weight hydrocarbons.
cementitious
Asphalt Concrete is a complex material consisting of asphalt cement, _______ aggregates, and possibly some admixtures.
mineral
Bitumen occurs naturally as rock asphalt and _______ asphalt.
lake
In Trinidad, rock asphalt is composed of ______ % bitumen mixed with silt and clay.
40
Asphalt cement is primarily used in ______ construction and paving purposes.
road
Asphalt cement can be made temporarily fluid by ______ above 140°C.
heating
The process of dissolving asphalt cement in selected petroleum solvents is called ______ back.
cutting
Asphalt cement is a ______ material that depending on temperature can be either solid or liquid.
viscoelastic
The diluted asphalt is called ______ asphalt.
cutback
Asphalt cements can be made temporarily fluid for construction operations by ______ or dissolving.
melting
Hardening occurs as the ______ evaporate and secondary bonds are reformed in the asphalt cement.
solvents
Asphalt and water ordinarily do not mix but ______ agents make them mixable.
emulsifying
The resulting product is a fluid called ______ asphalt after construction.
emulsified
The viscosity of asphalt cements is typically measured in units of ______ seconds.
Pascal
Cutback asphalts are formed by mixing asphalt cement with ______ solvents.
petroleum
The primary mechanism behind the hardening of asphalt cement is the evaporation of ______.
solvents
After construction, water evaporates and asphalt particles recombine into a ______ film that cements aggregates together.
continuous
Asphalt cements are mainly made of high‐molecular weight ______.
hydrocarbons
Asphalt cement composition influences its ______ behaviour and performance of asphalt concrete.
binder
Asphalt cements have a very complex and variable chemical composition depending on the ______.
source
Carbon makes up ______ percent of asphalt cements.
80-87
Asphalt cements are typically made of elements such as sulphur, nitrogen, oxygen, ______ metals, etc.
trace
Because of their complexity, a complete chemical analysis of asphalt cements is very ______.
difficult
Asphalt cements exhibit a non-linear relationship between shear stress and shear strain rate at temperatures ______ 140°C.
above
The asphaltene becomes more ______ in the resins as the temperature increases.
soluble
Asphalt cement is a ______ material, i.e. its properties are very sensitive to temperature.
thermoplastic
The glass transition temperature of asphalt cements is ______ by temperature.
affected
At temperatures above 140°C, asphalt cements exhibit a ______ relationship between shear stress and shear strain rate.
Newtonian
The viscosity of asphalt cements is typically measured in units of ______.
Poise
Asphalt cement is a complex mixture of ______ and asphaltene.
resin
As the temperature decreases, the asphaltene becomes less ______ in the resins.
soluble
The viscosity of asphalt cements is very ______ to temperature.
sensitive
At service temperature, the viscosity of asphalt cements is around ______ Pa.s.
10^5 to 10^7
The ______ acts as a solvent for the resins.
oil
Asphalt cements are classified based on their physical properties at a single temperature.
False
The higher the penetration number, the higher the viscosity.
False
Viscosity grades are measured at temperatures between 25°C and 60°C.
False
The penetration test is used to measure the viscosity of asphalt cement.
False
Absolute viscosity of asphalt is measured at 135°C.
False
Asphalt cements are graded according to only two properties: penetration and viscosity.
False
The higher the number of poises, the lower the viscosity
False
The PG system is a new concept for asphalt binder grading
False
The deformational behavior of asphalt cements depends substantially on temperature and loading rate
True
Asphalt cement stiffness can be described in terms of the viscosity or (viscosity modulus)
False
Rotational viscometers are used to measure the viscosity of asphalt cements at high temperatures
True
The PG system considers only the maximum pavement temperature
False
At very low temperatures, the asphalt cement is too viscous for its deformation to be tested using the rheological methods.
False
The bending beam rheometer (BBR) method is used to determine the strain of asphalt cement.
False
With very long loading time, the stiffness of asphalt cement approaches the elastic modulus.
False
The viscosity of asphalt cement is independent of the temperature.
False
The relationship between shear stress and shear strain rate is linear at temperatures above 140°C.
False
The stiffness of asphalt cement decreases linearly with loading time.
False
The asphalt cement is a purely elastic material.
False
The glass transition temperature of asphalt cement is not affected by temperature.
False
What is the purpose of the Rolling Thin-Film Oven (RTFO) Test in the Performance Grading System?
Aging the asphalt
What is the primary purpose of the penetration test in asphalt cement grading?
To measure the stiffness of asphalt cement
How does the viscosity of asphalt change with temperature?
Viscosity decreases as temperature increases
What is the unit of measurement for penetration in the penetration test?
0.1 mm (reported in penetration units)
What is the relationship between the penetration number and the viscosity of asphalt cement?
The higher the penetration number, the lower the viscosity
What is the relationship between stiffness and viscosity in asphalt?
Higher stiffness corresponds to higher viscosity
What is the significance of the PG XX-YY notation in the Performance Grading System?
XX is the 7-day maximum pavement temperature and YY is the minimum expected pavement temperature
What is the temperature range at which viscosity is measured in asphalt cement grading?
60-135°C
What is the difference between the deformational behavior of asphalt at low and high temperatures?
At low temperatures, asphalt exhibits elastic behavior, while at high temperatures, it exhibits viscous behavior
What is the primary method used to classify asphalt cements based on their viscosity?
ASTM D-3381
What is the significance of the viscosity of asphalt cement in its application?
It affects its performance and behavior in different conditions
What is the unit of measurement for the viscosity of asphalt?
Poises
What is the relationship between the loading time and the stiffness of a viscous-elastic material?
Short loading time: curve horizontal, indicates stiffness ≈ elastic modulus. Intermediate loading time: elastic + viscous, stiffness decreases nonlinearly with loading time. Very long loading time: approaches a viscous Newtonian fluid, stiffness approaches 3η/t.
What is the significance of very low temperatures in the study of asphalt cement deformation?
At very low temperatures, the asphalt cement is too stiff for its deformation to be tested using rheological methods.
What is the effect of increasing temperature on the stiffness of asphalt cement?
The stiffness of asphalt cement decreases as the temperature increases.
What is the bending beam rheometer (BBR) method used for?
The BBR method is used to determine the stiffness of asphalt cement by measuring the variation of the deflection versus time.
How does the stiffness of asphalt cement change with loading time?
The stiffness of asphalt cement decreases nonlinearly with loading time.
What is the significance of the equation S = 3η/t in the study of asphalt cement?
The equation S = 3η/t describes the stiffness of a viscous Newtonian fluid at very long loading times.
What is the relationship between the stress and strain of asphalt cement at very long loading times?
At very long loading times, the asphalt cement behaves like a viscous Newtonian fluid, where the stress is proportional to the strain rate.
What is the significance of the stiffness modulus in the study of asphalt cement?
The stiffness modulus is a measure of the resistance of asphalt cement to deformation.
Asphalt cements are classified based on their rheological and physical properties at temperatures that are representative of their preparation and ______ conditions.
field
Asphalt cement have traditionally been graded according to ______ (i.e.Asphalt cement Stiffness).
Penetration
Viscosity is measured at high temperatures ranging from ______ to 135°C.
60
The higher the ______ number, the lower the viscosity.
penetration
Viscosity grades are the most widely used (ASTM ______).
D-3381
Viscosity is measured at high temperatures ______ 60°C.
at
The ______ of asphalt cements is measured by various techniques such as capillary flow under gravity and rotational coaxial-cylinder viscometers.
viscosity
The higher the number of ______, the higher the viscosity.
poises
Higher penetration numbers correspond with lower ______.
viscosities
The selection concept of performance grading is not new, it has the same logic to penetration or ______ graded asphalt binders.
viscosity
The deformational behaviour of asphalt cements depends substantially on ______, loading rate and loading duration.
temperature
The behaviour of asphalt cement lies between elastic and ______ behaviour at high temperature and/or long duration.
viscous
σ represents the stress at time ______ and temperature T.
t
ε represents the strain at time ______ and temperature T.
t
At very low temperatures, the asphalt cement is too ______ for its deformation to be tested using the rheological methods.
stiff
The bending beam rheometer (BBR) method is used to determine the ______.
stiffness
Very long loading time: a viscous Newtonian fluid, stiffness approaches ______ 𝑡.
3
With short loading time, the curve is ______, indicating stiffness ≈ elastic modulus.
horizontal
At very low temperatures, the asphalt cement is too stiff for its deformation to be tested using the ______ methods.
rheological
The variation of the deflection versus ______ is used to determine the stiffness.
time
Test your knowledge on the history of asphalt, its uses, and its applications in engineering materials. Learn about its ancient uses, from waterproofing to adhesive mortar, and how it has evolved over time. Take this quiz to assess your understanding of asphalt in engineering.
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