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What artery supplies the brain and internal organs?
Which artery is the first branch of the internal carotid artery?
What is the primary supply of the cochlea and vestibule of the ear?
Which artery primarily supplies the visual cortex?
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What nerve runs alongside the internal carotid artery and internal jugular artery?
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What is a consequence of posterior cerebral artery occlusion?
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From which artery does the right common carotid artery originate?
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What is the primary function of the carotid sinus?
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Which structure is primarily supplied by the posterior cerebral artery?
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Which arteries are branches of the basilar artery?
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Which structure does the vertebral artery primarily supply?
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Which structures receive synapses from retinal ganglion cells?
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What branch does the common carotid artery split into at the larynx level?
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What supplies the midbrain?
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Where do the left subclavian artery originate from?
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What is the source of 85% of the labyrinthine arteries?
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Which area is NOT supplied by the posterior cerebral artery?
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The pontine arteries primarily supply which of the following?
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Which artery supplies the skin of the forehead and scalp?
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Where do the internal jugular veins receive blood from?
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What is a unique characteristic of the cavernous sinus?
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What is the primary venous drainage from the area around the forehead and temple?
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What structure does the external jugular vein primarily drain?
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What is the primary artery supplying the majority of the dura mater?
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Which artery directly exits the orbit through the infraorbital foramen?
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What type of hemorrhage is typically associated with a laceration or tear of the superior cerebral veins?
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Which artery eventually becomes the angular artery supplying tissues along the side of the nose?
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What characterizes the shape of an epidural hematoma?
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Which demographic is most commonly associated with a worse prognosis in subdural hematomas?
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What is the origin of the facial artery?
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Which area is most commonly favored by an epidural hematoma?
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Which of the following is NOT supplied by the maxillary artery?
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What type of blood is characteristic of a subdural hematoma?
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What portion of the spinal cord is supplied by the anterior spinal artery?
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Which artery branches off the internal carotid artery and supplies the eyeball and most of the cerebrum?
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Which artery is primarily associated with the production of speech?
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What supplies the inferior surface of the cerebellum?
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Which artery is most commonly associated with aneurysms in the brain?
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What area does the posterior communicating artery supply?
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Which artery does NOT branch from the internal carotid artery?
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Which artery supplies the lateral surface of the frontal and parietal cortex?
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What is the role of the internal carotid artery in the arterial circle of Willis?
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Which artery primarily supplies the motor cortex responsible for voluntary movements?
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Study Notes
Arterial Blood Supply to the Head and Neck
- The common carotid artery runs up the neck, lateral to the trachea and larynx, deep to the sternocleidomastoid muscle.
- The common carotid artery divides at the larynx level into the internal carotid artery, which supplies the head, and the external carotid artery, which supplies the face and neck.
- The subclavian arteries supply intracranial and extracranial structures.
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The vertebral artery is the first branch of the subclavian artery.
- Supplies 20% of the brain's arterial supply.
- It ascends and enters the posterior cranial cavity to supply the brain.
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The vertebral arteries pass through the transverse foramina of the cervical vertebrae (C6-C1) and then enter the skull through the foramen magnum.
- They unite to form the basilar artery.
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The basilar artery supplies the cerebellum and pons of the brain and the inner ear.
- It gives rise to several important arteries, including:
- Pontine arteries supply the base of the pons and abducent nerve (CN VI) root.
- Labyrinthine (internal auditory) arteries supply the cochlea and vestibule of the ear.
- Anterior Inferior Cerebellar Artery (AICA) supplies the inferior surface of the cerebellum and the choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle.
- Superior Cerebellar Artery supplies the superior cerebellar nuclei and the cochlear cerebellar nuclei.
- Posterior Cerebellar Artery (PCA) supplies the occipital lobe, including the visual cortex, lower temporal lobe, including the hippocampal formation, midbrain, and thalamus.
- It gives rise to several important arteries, including:
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The internal carotid artery doesn't have any branches in the neck.
- It enters the cranial cavity through the carotid foramen in the temporal bone.
- It supplies blood to the eyeballs, orbital structures, lacrimal gland, ear, and most of the cerebrum.
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The ophthalmic artery is a branch of the internal carotid artery.
- It enters the orbit through the optic canal together with the optic nerve to supply the EOMs and structures related to the eyeball.
- It gives rise to several branches, including:
- Central retinal artery of the retina.
- Lacrimal artery
- Muscular branches
- Ciliary arteries
- Supraorbital artery
- Posterior Ethmoidal artery
- Anterior Ethmoidal artery
- Recurrent meningeal branch
- Medial palpebral arteries
- Supratrochlear artery
- Dorsal nasal artery
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The Posterior Communicating Artery (PCA) is an anastomosis between the internal carotid artery (ICA) and the Posterior cerebral artery (PCA).
- It is part of the cerebral arterial circle (Circle of Willis).
- It supplies the optic chiasm, hypothalamus, and the anterior half of the ventral portion of the thalamus.
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The Anterior Cerebral Artery (ACA) is a branch of the internal carotid artery.
- It supplies the medial and inferior portion of the frontal lobe, the medial side of the parietal lobe, and the Corpus callosum.
- It is part of the Circle of Willis (anterior part).
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It supplies the anterior parietal and frontal lobes:
- Motor cortex (planning, control, and execution of voluntary movements)
- Somatosensory cortex (receives and analyzes sensory impulses)
- Frontal eye field (visual attention and motor movements)
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The Middle Cerebral Artery is a direct branch of the ICA.
- It supplies the lateral surface of the frontal and parietal cortex, the temporal lobe, the posterior limb and genu of the internal capsule, most of the basal ganglia, and the proximal parts of the visual radiations.
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The Arterial Circle of Willis is made up of anastomoses between the left and right internal carotid arteries along the basilar artery.
- It is located at the base of the brain near the sella turcica.
External Carotid Artery
- It supplies the superficial areas of the neck and head and a small portion of the ocular structures.
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It has three main branches:
- Facial
- Maxillary
- Superior Temporal
- The facial artery originates from the external carotid and supplies tissues along the side of the nose, superior and inferior eyelids.
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The maxillary artery is the larger terminal branch of the external carotid artery.
- It enters the orbit through the inferior orbital fissure as the infraorbital artery.
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The middle meningeal artery is a branch of the maxillary artery.
- It supplies most of the dura mater.
Epidural Hematoma
- A laceration of the middle meningeal artery results in epidural hemorrhage.
- It usually presents after trauma, especially from a skull fracture.
- The blood accumulates between the skull and the external dura.
- It is often seen in adolescents and young adults.
- It is rapidly expanding with arterial blood.
- It often occurs in the temporal/temporoparietal region.
Subdural Hematoma
- A laceration or tear of the superior cerebral veins results in subdural hemorrhage.
- It usually presents after trauma, with a worse prognosis than epidural hematomas.
- It tends to occur in alcoholics and the elderly.
- The blood accumulates between the dura mater and the arachnoid mater .
- It is diffuse and concave in shape.
- It can affect the entire surface of the brain.
- The hematoma expands slowly with venous blood.
Superficial Temporal Artery
- It's a branch of the external carotid artery that supplies blood to the superficial skin, muscles, and soft tissue around the head, face, and orbit.
- It gives rise to several branches, including the transverse facial artery, the middle temporal artery, the frontal branch, and the parietal branch.
- It ends by joining the supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries of the internal carotid.
Veins: Drainage System
- The venous system of the head and neck drains waste and deoxygenated blood towards the superior vena cava.
- Most of the blood draining from the head passes into three pairs of veins: the internal jugular vein (IJV), the external jugular vein (EJV), and the vertebral veins.
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The Internal Jugular Vein (IJV) drains blood from the brain, meninges and deep regions of the face and neck.
- It drains the cavernous sinus.
- It receives several other venous branches, including the angular vein, supraorbital, supratrochlear, superior, and inferior palpebral veins, and the facial vein.
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The External Jugular Vein (EJV) drains blood primarily from the posterior head and neck.
- It descends inferiorly along the neck, terminating in the subclavian vein.
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The Vertebral veins drain deep structures in the neck.
- They drain into the subclavian vein and then to the superior vena cava.
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The Cavernous Sinus is the most clinically significant dural sinus.
- It lies immediately posterior to the optic chiasm.
- It receives blood from the eye and facial veins and the sphenoid and middle cerebral veins.
- The internal carotid artery (ICA) enters the sinus with cranial nerves III, IV, VI, and V1-V2.
- Infections of the face including the nose, tonsils, and orbits can easily spread to this sinus because the sinus lacks valves.
Facial Vein
- It drains the facial region and communicates with the cavernous sinus by way of the ophthalmic veins.
- It receives the deep facial vein from the pterygoid plexus.
- It typically ends directly or indirectly in the internal jugular vein.
Superficial Temporal Vein
- It drains the forehead and scalp and receives tributaries from the veins of the temple and face.
- It enters the parotid gland in the region of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ).
Posterior Auricular Vein
- It joins the posterior division of the posterior facial vien to form the external jugular.
Occipital Vein
- It joins the deep cervical and vertebral veins.
- It ends in the internal jugular vein.
Vertebral Vein
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The right and left vertebral veins drain deep structures in the neck, such as the cervical vertebra, cervical spinal cord, and some neck muscles.
- They empty into the subclavian vein.
- These veins then drain into the superior vena cava.
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Description
This quiz explores the arterial blood supply to the head and neck, detailing the common carotid artery, its branches, and the vertebral artery. Understand how these arteries function and their importance in supplying blood to the brain and neck regions. Test your knowledge on the anatomy and pathways of these critical arteries.
