30 Questions
What fallacy is being described when someone tries to discredit the character of another person in advance to make their argument seem invalid?
Ad Hominem
Which logical fallacy involves trying to shift the guilt back to the first person in order to appear consistent?
Tu Quoque
In which fallacy does someone reject an argument based on irrelevant personal factors such as religion or profession?
Ad Hominem
What is the Latin meaning of 'Tu Quoque'?
You Too
Which fallacy involves trying to divert attention from the main issue by attacking the character of the opponent in advance?
Poisoning the Well
What is the purpose of using the fallacy 'Tu Quoque'?
To shift guilt back to the first person
What is the Latin term for 'Argument to the People'?
Argumentum ad Populum
Which of the following is NOT considered another notion for 'Argumentum ad Populum'?
Appeal to Reason
In what sense does 'Snob Appeal' differ from 'Mob Appeal'?
Snob Appeal targets the emotions of the minority, while Mob Appeal targets the majority.
Which of the following is a synonym for 'Mob Appeal'?
Bandwagon
What emotion is NOT typically targeted by 'Argumentum ad Populum'?
Confidence
'Appeal to the Gallery' is another notion for which fallacy discussed in the text?
Argumentum ad Populum
What is the primary issue in an argument that involves equivocation?
A word being used in two different senses
Which type of sentence defect is exemplified by 'I read a book riding in a bus yesterday'?
Misplaced modifiers
What type of ambiguity arises when it is unclear who the pronoun in a sentence refers to?
Referential ambiguity
Which of the following is NOT a consequence of absence of punctuation?
Ambiguous antecedent of a pronoun
In the statement 'No parking on both sides', what issue arises due to literal interpretation of words?
Equivocation
What concept is illustrated by 'I said…kill her' from the text?
Word lifting
What is another term for the fallacy of accident?
Sweeping Generalization
Which form of inappropriate treatment of facts involves presenting only two options as if they are the only possibilities?
False Dilemma
In the text, what is meant by 'Converse Accident'?
Reversing the fallacy of accident
What is the main issue with the statement: 'Birds can fly. Therefore, kiwis can fly'?
Sweeping Generalization
Which fallacy involves presenting a general rule as universal while ignoring the possibility of exceptions?
Accident
What characterizes the false dilemma fallacy as described in the text?
Presenting only two options as if they are the only possibilities
What is the main difference between formal and informal fallacies?
Formal fallacies are based on the structure of the argument, while informal fallacies are based on the content.
What is the characteristic of an Argumentum ad Hominem fallacy?
It attacks the person making the argument instead of addressing the argument itself.
Which form of Ad Hominem involves verbally abusing the character of the person making the argument?
Abusive Ad Hominem
In what type of fallacy does the second person discuss circumstances directly affecting the first person?
Circumstantial Ad Hominem
Why are formal fallacies known as morphological fallacies?
Because they may be identified through mere inspection of the form or structure of an argument.
What is a characteristic of informal fallacies?
They involve errors in reasoning due to flaws in argument content.
Study Notes
Informal Fallacies
- Errors in reasoning, divided into three categories: Relevance, Presumption, and Ambiguity
- Can be detected only through analysis of the content of the argument
Fallacies of Relevance
- Argumentum ad Hominem (Argument against the Man)
- Attacking the person making the argument rather than addressing the argument itself
- Three forms: Abusive Ad Hominem, Circumstantial Ad Hominem, and Tu Quoque (You Too!)
- Argumentum ad Populum (Argument to the People)
- Appealing to emotions, including pride, pity, fear, hate, vanity, or sympathy
- Two forms: Snob Appeal (appealing to the minority) and Mob Appeal (appealing to the majority)
Fallacies of Presumption
- Involving flaws in reasoning, where premises fail to establish or insufficiently justify the conclusion
- Makes the entire argument confusing or misleading
- Three forms of inappropriate treatment of facts:
- Overlooking significant facts entirely
- Evading them
- Distorting the facts
Overlooking the Facts
- Accident (Sweeping Generalization or Dicto Simpliciter)
- Ignoring the possibility of an exception to a general rule
- Converse Accident (Hasty Generalization)
- Reverse of accident, where a general rule is applied to a specific case without considering exceptions
- False Dilemma or Bifurcation
- Presenting only two options as the only possibilities when there are other viable alternatives
Evading the Facts
- Equivocation
- Using a word in two different senses in an argument
- Amphiboly
- Structural or grammatical defect of the sentence, leading to ambiguity
- Includes Misplaced Modifiers, Ambiguous Antecedent of a Pronoun, and Referential Ambiguity
- Accent
- Faulty emphasis of word, including punctuation, wrong interpretation of word, and word lifting
- Includes Absence of Punctuation, Literal Interpretation of Words, and Word Lifting
Learn about the Latin term 'Argumentum ad Populum,' also known as 'Appeal to the People' in English. Explore how this fallacy appeals to emotions such as pride, fear, or sympathy, and how it can influence decision making.
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