Elements of an Argument Review Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What do we argue to achieve?

Convince others our position is reasonable
Influence the way others think
Get people to act
All of the above (correct)

What is an argument?

A statement that reasonable people may disagree about.

What is argument explanation?

People have a stake, argument is not war, and there are more than two sides to an argument.

What are reasons in an argument?

Why you hold that you do. Signup and view all the answers

What is evidence in an argument?

Sources that support your claim. Signup and view all the answers

What is a claim in an argument?

A statement of a position that could be challenged. Signup and view all the answers

What kinds of statements cannot be argued?

Verifiable statements of fact, issues of faith or belief, matters of simple opinion or taste. Signup and view all the answers

What should your reasons achieve?

Your reasons should connect your claims with the word 'because'. Signup and view all the answers

The types of evidence include: Facts, Statistics, Examples, Authorities, Anecdotes, Case Studies, and ___ Evidence.

Textual Signup and view all the answers

What are facts?

Ideas that are proven to be true. Signup and view all the answers

What are statistics?

Numerical data produced by research, surveys, or polls. Signup and view all the answers

What are examples?

Specific instances that illustrate general statements. Signup and view all the answers

What are authorities in an argument?

Experts on a subject who must be reputable and qualified. Signup and view all the answers

What are anecdotes?

Brief narratives that contribute directly to your argument. Signup and view all the answers

What are case studies?

In-depth examinations of an occasion, person, or group. Signup and view all the answers

What is textual evidence?

Quotations, paraphrases, and summaries from texts. Signup and view all the answers

What is an argumentative thesis?

Announces a debatable position and forecasts the path your argument will follow. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following are Rhetorical Strategies?

All of the above (D) Signup and view all the answers

What is Pathos?

An appeal to the emotions of the audience. Signup and view all the answers

What is Ethos?

An appeal to authority and credibility. Signup and view all the answers

What is Logos?

An appeal to logic and reason. Signup and view all the answers

What are ways to incorporate pathos?

Use descriptive language and imagery to evoke emotion. Signup and view all the answers

What are ways to incorporate ethos?

Use others' expertise and show you have considered other viewpoints. Signup and view all the answers

What are ways to incorporate logos?

Use research and statistics to back up your arguments. Signup and view all the answers

When should you use signal phrases?

To clearly identify an expert or authority. Signup and view all the answers

What is a signal phrase?

A phrase used to attribute quoted, paraphrased, or summarized material. Signup and view all the answers

What are logical fallacies?

A false line of reasoning that might sound reasonable but is flawed. Signup and view all the answers

Why is recognizing logical fallacies important?

To avoid them in your writing and spot them in others'. Signup and view all the answers

What are common logical fallacies?

Ad Hominem, Begging the Question, Circular Reasoning, etc. Signup and view all the answers

What is Ad Hominem?

An attack on the character of a person rather than their arguments. Signup and view all the answers

What is Begging the Question?

The conclusion should be proven is validated within the claim. Signup and view all the answers

What is Circular Reasoning?

Restates the argument instead of proving it. Signup and view all the answers

What is Either/Or Fallacy?

Oversimplifying an argument by reducing it to two sides. Signup and view all the answers

What is the Genetic Fallacy?

Determining the worth of an argument based on its origins. Signup and view all the answers

What is Hasty Generalization?

Conclusion based on insufficient or biased evidence. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Non Sequitur?

A statement that does not logically follow from what was said before. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Scare Tactic?

Using fear instead of evidence to persuade. Signup and view all the answers

What is Slippery Slope Fallacy?

A conclusion based on the premise that one step will lead to a series of negative events. Signup and view all the answers

What is a Straw Man?

Oversimplifying an opponent's viewpoint and then attacking it. Signup and view all the answers

What do the three appeals achieve in writing?

They make your argumentative writing more convincing. Signup and view all the answers

What should a conclusion do?

Wrap up what you have been discussing and restate main points. Signup and view all the answers

What should a conclusion outline include?

Restate your topic, thesis, address opposing viewpoints, and call for action. Signup and view all the answers

What is best for a well-written conclusion?

Simplicity for a clear, convincing message. Signup and view all the answers

What is a counterargument?

An argument your opponent would make against your position. Signup and view all the answers

What is a naysayer?

A counterargument that you plant in your writing to rebut it. Signup and view all the answers

What is a summary in argumentation?

A brief restatement of an opposing argument. Signup and view all the answers

What is a rebuttal?

A direct response to your opponents' argument. Signup and view all the answers

What are concessions?

Allowing that your opponent has a valid point. Signup and view all the answers

What is an analysis thesis?

A statement of another writer's thesis in order to analyze it. Signup and view all the answers

What are qualifications in argumentation?

A limitation placed on your argument. Signup and view all the answers

What is complication in argumentation?

An acknowledgment that an issue has difficult aspects. Signup and view all the answers

What is the audience in writing?

The different readers whom a writer wants to persuade. Signup and view all the answers

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Study Notes

General Overview of Argument Elements

Arguments aim to persuade others by presenting reasonable positions on a subject.
An argument is a statement that can be disagreed upon by rational individuals.

Components of an Argument

Claim: A position statement that is debatable and can be challenged.
Reasons: Justifications for holding a particular claim.
Evidence: Supportive data from credible sources backing a claim.

Types of Statements

Non-arguable statements include verifiable facts, issues of faith, and personal opinions unless criteria for evaluation are present.

Evidence Types

Evidence can consist of Facts, Statistics, Examples, Authorities, Anecdotes, Case Studies, and Textual Evidence.

Importance of Rhetorical Appeals

Pathos: Emotional appeal to connect with the audience.
Ethos: Establishes credibility and authority.
Logos: Appeals to logic and reasoning through facts and data.

Incorporating Rhetorical Strategies

Use emotional language, identify audience values, and present personal anecdotes for pathos.
Utilize expert opinions, acknowledge other perspectives, and provide a balanced view for ethos.
Support claims with solid research, statistics, and logical explanations for logos.

Signal Phrases and Logical Fallacies

Signal phrases attribute quotes or evidence to specific authorities.
Logical fallacies represent flawed reasoning and include common types like Ad Hominem, Circular Reasoning, and Straw Man.

Writing Conclusions

Conclude by restating key points and reinforcing the argument's importance.
A strong conclusion should offer a clear message and potentially a call to action.

Counterarguments and Rebuttals

Address opposing viewpoints with counterarguments and rebuttals to strengthen one's stance.
Incorporating concessions acknowledges valid points from the opposition while reinforcing one's own arguments.

Understanding the Audience

Tailor arguments to the target audience, ensuring that persuasive strategies resonate appropriately.

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