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Questions and Answers
What are analogies commonly used for?
What are analogies commonly used for?
How many premises do arguments from analogy have?
How many premises do arguments from analogy have?
3
What does it mean for arguments from analogy to be inductive?
What does it mean for arguments from analogy to be inductive?
To not evaluate as valid or invalid but as strong or weak.
What is disjunctive syllogism?
What is disjunctive syllogism?
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What is modus ponens?
What is modus ponens?
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What is denying the antecedent?
What is denying the antecedent?
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What is modus tollens?
What is modus tollens?
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What is affirming the consequent?
What is affirming the consequent?
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What is hypothetical syllogism?
What is hypothetical syllogism?
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What are arguments?
What are arguments?
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What is a worldview?
What is a worldview?
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What does cogent mean?
What does cogent mean?
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What does fallacious mean?
What does fallacious mean?
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How are arguments from analogy evaluated?
How are arguments from analogy evaluated?
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What is the standard form for arguments from analogy?
What is the standard form for arguments from analogy?
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What are the general features in analogy standard form?
What are the general features in analogy standard form?
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Study Notes
Arguments from Analogy
- Analogies utilize inductive reasoning, drawing conclusions based on similarities between two different things.
- Example: Comparing a new car to an old, reliable model to infer potential reliability of the new model.
- Arguments from analogy consist of three premises highlighting the comparison.
Key Logical Forms
- Disjunctive Syllogism: A logical structure that involves a disjunction (either/or statement) and deduces one of the alternatives is false.
- Modus Ponens: A valid argument form where if 'A implies B' and 'A' is true, then 'B' must be true.
- Denying the Antecedent: A fallacy that occurs when one assumes that if 'A implies B' and 'A' is false, then 'B' must also be false.
- Modus Tollens: A valid form that concludes 'not A' from 'A implies B' and 'not B'.
- Affirming the Consequent: A fallacy which wrongly infers 'A' is true from 'A implies B' and 'B' is true.
- Hypothetical Syllogism: Involves two conditional statements to derive a new conditional statement.
Understanding Arguments
- An argument is a set of statements where premises lead to a conclusion.
- A worldview shapes how one interprets arguments and evidence.
Quality of Arguments
- Cogent: Describes a strong, well-supported argument.
- Fallacious: Refers to arguments that contain errors in reasoning, rendering them invalid.
Characteristics of Arguments from Analogy
- Arguments from analogy are inherently inductive, differing from deductive reasoning.
- They are commonly employed in legal and moral reasoning contexts, establishing the similarities between cases for judgments.
Evaluating Analogies
- Analogies are assessed as strong or weak, rather than valid or invalid.
- Evaluating analogies allows for flexibility in reasoning while maintaining criteria for credibility.
Structure of Analogical Arguments
- A standard form for arguments from analogy typically consists of identifying properties shared between objects, followed by the conclusion that the first object will likely share another property.
- Essential features include:
- Three premises are required.
- Initial premises outline comparable objects and their known shared properties.
- The conclusion draws on an additional property presumed to be shared based on the established similarities.
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Description
Explore the concept of analogies in inductive reasoning with these flashcards. This quiz delves into how similarities between two things can infer further conclusions, enhancing your understanding of logical reasoning. Perfect for students looking to improve their critical thinking skills.
