Questions and Answers
What were the problems of peace following the Civil War?
All Confederate leaders were pardoned by President Johnson in 1868.
What were the effects of Emancipation?
What was the role of the African American Church after emancipation?
It became the focus of black community life and education arose for blacks.
Who was Andrew Johnson?
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What was Lincoln's '10 percent' Reconstruction Plan?
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What was the Wade-Davis Bill?
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What were the two factions regarding the restoration of Southern states?
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What were the requirements of Johnson's Reconstruction Plan?
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What were Black Codes?
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What was sharecropping?
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The 14th Amendment granted civil rights and citizenship to slaves.
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What did the Civil Rights Bill of March 1866 accomplish?
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Who led the Republican radicals in the Senate?
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What did the Reconstruction Act do?
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What was the significance of the 15th Amendment?
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Feminists were satisfied with the 15th Amendment.
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Who were Scalawags?
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What was the purpose of the Force Acts of 1870 and 1871?
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What did the Tenure of Office Act require?
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What was the outcome of Johnson's impeachment?
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What was the significance of William Seward's treaty with Russia?
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Why did most Americans support the purchase of Alaska?
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Many white Southerners found Reconstruction more painful than the Civil War itself.
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What was the motivation behind the Republican Party's approach to slaves?
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Study Notes
The Problems of Peace
- President Johnson pardoned all Confederate leaders in 1868, emphasizing his lenient approach to Reconstruction.
Emancipation Effects
- Emancipation was implemented unevenly across the Confederacy; loyalty to masters led some slaves to resist freedom.
African American Church
- Following emancipation, African American churches became central to community life, led by black ministers, promoting education and unity.
Andrew Johnson
- Johnson, a former Congressman from Tennessee, opposed secession and became Vice President for Lincoln’s Union Party, advocating for state's rights.
"10 percent" Reconstruction Plan
- Proposed by Lincoln in 1863, this plan allowed states to rejoin the Union once 10% of their population pledged allegiance to the U.S.
Wade-Davis Bill
- Passed by Congress in 1864, it required 50% of a state's population to pledge allegiance. Lincoln vetoed this bill out of concern for rapid Restoration.
Two Factions
- A divide existed among Republicans: a majority favored quick restoration of Southern states, while a minority advocated for harsher penalties.
Johnson's Reconstruction Plan
- In May 1865, Johnson's plan demanded states to repeal secession, repudiate Confederate debts, and ratify the 13th Amendment.
Black Codes
- Implemented laws aimed at controlling the lives of emancipated slaves, reinforcing existing racial inequalities.
Sharecropping
- Following emancipation, many blacks became sharecroppers, leading to a cycle of debt due to inflated rents on the plantations.
Congress Reinstated
- In December 1865, Southern states sent representatives to Congress, including former military leaders, provoking Republican outrage.
Union Restored
- On December 6, 1865, Johnson announced the conditions for the Southern states were met, restoring the Union.
Freedmen's Bureau
- Johnson vetoed the Freedmen’s Bureau bill in February 1866, fueling Congressional anger over his stance on aiding freed slaves.
Civil Rights Bill
- The March 1866 Civil Rights Bill aimed to grant citizenship to all Americans and counteract Black Codes' discriminatory impact.
14th Amendment
- Established civil rights for former slaves, reduced Congressional representation for states that denied voting rights to males, and barred former Confederates from office.
Charles Sumner
- A prominent Republican senator advocating for black freedom and racial equality, underlining the party's radical agenda.
Thaddeus Stevens
- Led radical efforts in the House of Representatives, pushing for significant social and economic reforms during Reconstruction.
Reconstruction Act
- Enacted on March 2, 1867, this act divided the South into five military districts governed by Union officers to enforce new policies.
15th Amendment
- Ratified in 1869, this amendment granted voting rights to black men, but notably excluded women from suffrage.
Military Reconstruction
- Military control was established in the South to enforce Reconstruction policies until federal troops withdrew in 1877, solidifying Democratic power.
No Women Voters
- Feminists were frustrated that Reconstruction amendments benefited black men but overlooked women’s voting rights.
Union League
- Organization that empowered African-Americans politically after the 15th Amendment, fostering support for Republicans and community resilience.
Scalawags
- Southern whites accused of exploiting political influence for personal gain during radical Republican governance.
Carpet-Baggers
- Northern opportunists who moved to the South post-war, seeking wealth and power amidst the Reconstruction chaos.
Ku Klux Klan
- Founded in Tennessee in 1866, a white supremacist group aimed to intimidate blacks and undermine Reconstruction efforts.
Force Acts of 1870 and 1871
- Legislative measures aimed to counteract KKK violence; however, enforcement lagged, allowing terrorism to persist.
Tenure of Office Act
- Enacted in 1867, this law required Senate approval for the removal of cabinet members, targeting Johnson’s policies directly.
Edwin M. Stanton
- The Secretary of War whose dismissal by Johnson sparked impeachment proceedings against the president.
Johnson's Impeachment
- Triggered by Johnson's violation of the Tenure of Office Act, he was impeached but acquitted by a one-vote margin in the Senate.
William Seward
- Secretary of State who negotiated the purchase of Alaska from Russia for $7.2 million in 1867, enhancing U.S. territory.
Alaska
- Acquired from Russia to prevent British expansion and strengthen U.S. presence in North America.
Alaska Public Reactions
- General public support for the Alaska purchase arose from gratitude towards Russia for their assistance during the Civil War.
Reconstruction
- Many Southerners viewed the Reconstruction period as more traumatic and destructive than the Civil War itself.
Republican Party and Slaves
- The Republican agenda included protecting freed slaves and leveraging their support to enhance party strength.
Thaddeus Stevens
- Advocated for radical reforms to advance economic equity and political rights, though his proposals largely went unimplemented.
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Test your knowledge on key concepts from APUSH Chapter 22 with these flashcards. Learn about the problems of peace following the Civil War, the effects of emancipation, and the rise of African American churches. Ideal for students preparing for exams or looking to enhance their understanding of this pivotal period in American history.
