APUSH Chapter 21 Flashcards

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Questions and Answers

What was the outcome of the Battle of Bull Run?

Stalemate

Union Victory

Inconclusive

Confederate Victory (correct)

Who was George B. McClellan?

A general for northern command of the Army of the Potomac in 1861.

What was the Peninsula Campaign?

A botched Union attempt to capture Richmond by circumventing the Confederate army by sea.

What were the Seven Days' Battles?

A series of Civil War battles where the Confederate army forced the Union army to retreat from Virginia. Signup and view all the answers

List the 6 components of the Northern Military Plan.

<ol> <li>Blockade Southern coasts 2. Liberate slaves 3. Seize control of the Mississippi 4. Send troops through the Carolinas and Georgia 5. Capture Richmond 6. Grind the Confederacy into submission</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

What significant change was made to the Merrimack?

It was salvaged by the Confederacy and enforced with iron plates to become an ironclad ship. Signup and view all the answers

What role did the Monitor play in the Civil War?

An iron-clad vessel built by Union forces to battle with the Merrimack. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Second Battle of Bull Run?

Lee achieved a decisive victory against General John Pope. Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the Battle of Antietam?

It was the bloodiest battle of the war with 25,000 casualties and halted Lee's forces. Signup and view all the answers

What did the Emancipation Proclamation declare?

All slaves in the rebellious Confederate states would be free. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Confiscation Act of 1862?

To free the slaves of Confederates who did not surrender within 60 days. Signup and view all the answers

Who was General A.E. Burnside?

He replaced McClellan for the Battle at Fredericksburg and was unprepared for battle. Signup and view all the answers

What happened during the Battle of Fredericksburg?

The Union was defeated, losing 12,000 men. Signup and view all the answers

What occurred in the Battle of Chancellorsville?

The Union was defeated again, with General Stonewall Jackson being accidentally wounded. Signup and view all the answers

What was General George Meade known for?

Surrounded and defeated Lee at Gettysburg. Signup and view all the answers

What was significant about the Battle of Gettysburg?

It was the war's most famous battle due to its size, cost in lives, and location. Signup and view all the answers

What was the outcome of the Battle of Shiloh?

Union troops were initially surprised but ultimately won the battle. Signup and view all the answers

What happened at the Battle of Vicksburg?

The Union gained control of Mississippi, splitting the Confederacy in two. Signup and view all the answers

What was achieved in the Battle of Chattanooga?

It was a Union victory that provided control of important rail lines. Signup and view all the answers

Who was General William Tecumseh Sherman?

He led the campaign that heavily relied on total war tactics. Signup and view all the answers

What was the purpose of the Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War?

To oversee military affairs during the Civil War. Signup and view all the answers

Who were the Copperheads?

A group of northern Democrats who opposed abolition and sympathized with the South. Signup and view all the answers

What was the Union Party?

A political party that included Republicans and war Democrats and excluded Copperheads. Signup and view all the answers

What was Andrew Johnson's role after Lincoln's assassination?

He became president and opposed radical Republicans. Signup and view all the answers

What were the key issues in the Election of 1864?

Lincoln wanted to unite North and South; McClellan wanted to end the war. Signup and view all the answers

What characterized the Wilderness Campaign?

A series of brutal clashes leading to Grant's capture of Richmond. Signup and view all the answers

What happened at Cold Harbor?

Union soldiers suffered heavy losses attempting to advance. Signup and view all the answers

What was the significance of Appomattox Courthouse?

It was where Lee surrendered to Grant, ending the Civil War. Signup and view all the answers

What were the estimated costs of the Civil War?

600,000 lives and $15 billion. Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Battle of Bull Run

Fought on July 21, 1861, in Virginia near Washington, D.C.
Notable for civilian spectators; marked the first major battle of the Civil War.
Thomas "Stonewall" Jackson gained fame for holding the line; resulted in a Confederate victory.
Demonstrated the need for training and foreshadowed a prolonged conflict.

George B. McClellan

General of the Army of the Potomac in 1861, earned the nickname "Tardy George."
Showed reluctance to advance towards Richmond; dismissed by Lincoln after failures against General Lee.

Peninsula Campaign

A poorly executed Union strategy aimed at capturing Richmond by navigating around the Confederate forces via sea.

Seven Days' Battles

A series of battles in June 1862 in Virginia where the Confederate army forced Union troops to retreat.

Northern Military Plan

Key components included:
- Blockade of Southern coasts
- Liberation of slaves
- Control of the Mississippi River
- Offensive through Carolinas and Georgia
- Capture of Richmond
- Sustained pressure to weaken the Confederacy.

Merrimack

An abandoned Union ship repurposed by the Confederacy, reinforced with iron and renamed "Virginia."
Played a pivotal role in naval battles during the war.

Monitor

An ironclad warship constructed by Union forces to engage the Merrimack.

Second Battle of Bull Run

Fought in August 1862 between Lee and General John Pope, resulting in a decisive Confederate victory.

Battle of Antietam

Occurred in September 1862; significant Union victory that halted Lee’s invasion of Maryland.
Noted as the bloodiest single-day battle in American history with approximately 25,000 casualties.

Emancipation Proclamation

Issued by Abraham Lincoln on September 22, 1862; declared all slaves in Confederate states to be free.

Confiscation Act of 1862

Law that penalized Confederates unwilling to surrender by freeing their slaves, paving the way for the Emancipation Proclamation.

General A.E. Burnside

Replaced McClellan for the Battle of Fredericksburg in December 1862; faced heavy defeat due to unpreparedness.

Battle of Fredericksburg

Major Union defeat led by Ambrose Burnside; resulted in the loss of about 12,000 Union soldiers against General Lee's forces.

Battle of Chancellorsville

Another Union defeat led by Lee; noted for the accidental wounding of General Jackson by his own men.

General George Meade

Commanded Union forces at the Battle of Gettysburg, leading a successful defense against Lee's Confederate army.

Gettysburg

Fought from July 1 to July 3, 1863; largest battle of the Civil War featuring around 90,000 Union troops against 75,000 Confederates.
Known for its scale, casualty count, and President Lincoln's famous Gettysburg Address.

Battle of Shiloh

Fought in April 1862; surprise attack from Confederate forces drove Union troops initially back but ultimately led to Union victory.

Battle of Vicksburg

Key 1863 Union victory that gave control of the Mississippi and effectively split the Confederacy, led by Grant.

Battle of Chattanooga

A Union victory occurring from November 23-25, 1863, that secured important rail lines and paved the way for Sherman's campaign into Georgia.

General William Tecumseh Sherman

Known for his aggressive military strategy and total war tactics, including his famous march from Atlanta to the sea, destroying resources along the way.

Congressional Committee on the Conduct of the War

Established to monitor military strategy and push for a vigorous war effort, particularly regarding emancipation.

Clement L. Vallandingham

A Northern Democrat who was exiled for his opposition to the war; later returned to Ohio after fleeing to Canada.

Copperheads

A faction of Northern Democrats who opposed the war and held sympathetic views towards the South.

Union Party

Coalition formed to unify Republican and war-supporting Democrats; excluded Copperheads and peace Democrats.

Andrew Johnson

Vice President who succeeded Lincoln; faced opposition from Radical Republicans during Reconstruction and became the first president to be impeached.

Election of 1864

Lincoln faced McClellan; despite war fatigue among Northerners, Lincoln won re-election, emphasizing unity.

Wilderness Campaign

Series of brutal confrontations between Grant and Lee’s forces leading to significant Union gains, culminating in the fall of Richmond.

Cold Harbor

Notorious for significant Union losses with over 13,000 casualties within three days, underscoring the high cost of the war.

Appomattox Courthouse

Location of Lee’s surrender to Grant in 1865, effectively concluding the Civil War.

Civil War Aftermath

The conflict resulted in approximately 600,000 deaths and caused about $15 billion in damages.

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Description

Explore key concepts from AP U.S. History Chapter 21 with these flashcards. This chapter covers significant events and figures from the Civil War, including the Battle of Bull Run and General George B. McClellan. Test your knowledge and prepare for your exams!