Questions and Answers
What can result from a free radical stealing an electron from collagen in the body?
Exposure to strong sunlight is a factor that can contribute to the formation of free radicals.
True
Name one food type that is recommended to consume more of in order to combat free radicals.
Foods rich in vitamin A, C, and E
Free radicals are molecules that contain an unpaired __________.
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Match the following conditions with their potential impact due to free radical damage:
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Which of the following elements is considered a microelement (trace element)?
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Protons are negatively charged particles within an atom.
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What are the three stable particles found in an atom?
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The atomic number of an element is defined as the number of __________ in its nucleus.
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Match the following elements with their classification:
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What does the mass number of an atom represent?
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In a neutral atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.
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What unit is used to express the mass of protons and neutrons?
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What is the pH of pure water?
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A lower pH indicates a higher concentration of hydroxide ions.
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What is a buffer?
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Acids increase the concentration of [______] in a solution.
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Match the following pH values with their corresponding descriptions:
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Which of the following indicates a basic solution on the pH scale?
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The blood pH is typically maintained around 8.4.
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What happens to pH when an acid is added to a buffered solution?
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Hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissociates into [______] and Cl-.
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Which of the following is an example of a strong base?
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Which of the following is an example of an anion?
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Hydrogen bonds are stronger than covalent bonds.
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What atoms are typically involved in hydrogen bonding in living cells?
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Hydrophobic interactions are important for maintaining a protein's _____ shape.
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Match the following types of interactions with their descriptions:
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What is the result of a hydrogen bond between water and ammonia?
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Van der Waals interactions are strong and permanent.
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How do hydrophobic molecules behave in water?
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Hydrogen bonds are formed when a hydrogen atom is attracted to a _____ atom.
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Which of the following best describes hydrogen bonds?
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What is the most well-known application of carbon dating?
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Cobalt-60 can be used in treatment for cancerous tumors.
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What are the two common radioisotopes used for studying the thyroid gland?
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The method called _____ involves using radioactive carbon to determine the age of organic materials.
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Match the following radioisotopes with their applications:
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How can tracers be introduced into the body for monitoring purposes?
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Tracers are radioactive isotopes that cannot be detected inside a living organism.
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What type of radiation do X-rays represent?
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One of the uses of _____-51 is to help determine the survival rate of red blood cells.
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What is a common characteristic of radioactive isotopes compared to their stable forms?
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Study Notes
Elements in Organisms
- Key elements contributing to an organism's weight include phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K).
- Microelements (trace elements) are present in quantities less than 0.01%, including boron (B), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), fluorine (F), iodine (I), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), silicon (Si), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn).
Structure of Atoms
- Atoms are the smallest units of matter retaining elemental properties.
- Key stable particles within atoms are neutrons (neutral), protons (positive), and electrons (negative).
- Neutrons and protons form a tightly packed atomic nucleus, while electrons form a cloud around it at near-light speed.
- The atomic number indicates the number of protons and electrons in an electrically neutral atom.
- Mass number is the total of protons and neutrons, written as a superscript, e.g., 4He for helium.
Isotopes Application
- Radioactive isotopes are used in biology and medicine as diagnostic tools.
- Carbon-14 is utilized for carbon dating, decaying into nitrogen-14 with a half-life of over 5,000 years, revealing the age of organic materials.
Radioisotopes in Medicine
- Radioisotopes can replace stable isotopes in molecules due to identical chemical properties, allowing tracking of their movement through the body.
- Commonly used isotopes include iodine-123 and iodine-131 for thyroid function assessment.
- Other isotopes like cobalt-57 assist with vitamin B12 metabolism, while chromium-51 and iron-59 are used in red blood cell studies.
Medical Imaging and Treatment
- X-rays, a form of electromagnetic radiation, can penetrate opaque materials for imaging.
- Radioactive isotopes (e.g., cobalt-60, cesium-137) are also employed in cancer treatment.
Chemical Bonds
- Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between a hydrogen atom covalently bound to one electronegative atom and another electronegative atom (e.g., between water and ammonia).
- Hydrophobic interactions occur when nonpolar molecules cluster to avoid water, essential for protein structure.
- Van der Waals interactions arise from transient dipoles in atoms leading to weak attractions.
pH Scale
- The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, indicating the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] and hydroxide ions [OH-].
- Pure water has a neutral pH of 7, corresponding to equal numbers of H+ and OH- ions.
Acids and Bases
- Acids increase [H+] in a solution (e.g., hydrochloric acid - HCl).
- Bases increase [OH-] (e.g., sodium hydroxide - NaOH).
- The scale indicates that each unit decrease in pH represents tenfold increases in H+ concentration, while each unit increase represents tenfold increases in OH- concentration.
Buffers
- Buffers maintain constant pH levels in biological systems, crucial for health (e.g., blood pH = 7.4).
- They absorb excess H+ or OH- ions to minimize pH changes; carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate (HCO3–) form one buffer system.
Free Radicals
- Free radicals are unstable molecules with unpaired electrons, implicated in various disorders, including aging and cancer.
- They can damage proteins, fats, DNA, and neurotransmitters, contributing to wrinkles, arthritis, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease.
- Factors leading to free radical formation include heavy exercise, tobacco use, radiation exposure, pollution, certain foods, and chemicals.
Prevention Strategies
- To counteract free radical effects, avoid detrimental factors and consume a diet rich in vitamins A, C, and E, which help neutralize free radicals.
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Description
This quiz explores the practical applications of isotopes, particularly in the fields of biology and medicine. Key topics include the use of radioactive isotopes as diagnostic tools and the principles behind carbon dating. Test your knowledge on how these isotopes contribute to various scientific investigations.
