Application of Isotopes in Biology and Medicine
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Questions and Answers

What can result from a free radical stealing an electron from collagen in the body?

  • Enhanced cognitive function
  • Strengthened immune response
  • Increased wrinkling (correct)
  • Improvement in joint flexibility

    • Exposure to strong sunlight is a factor that can contribute to the formation of free radicals.

    True

    Name one food type that is recommended to consume more of in order to combat free radicals.

    Foods rich in vitamin A, C, and E

    Free radicals are molecules that contain an unpaired __________.

    <p>electron</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following conditions with their potential impact due to free radical damage:

    <p>Increased wrinkling = Skin Damaged lung tissue = Fat molecules Cancer = DNA alteration Alzheimer's dementia = Nerve transmitter substances</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following elements is considered a microelement (trace element)?

    <p>Iron (Fe)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Protons are negatively charged particles within an atom.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the three stable particles found in an atom?

    <p>Neutrons, protons, electrons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The atomic number of an element is defined as the number of __________ in its nucleus.

    <p>protons</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following elements with their classification:

    <p>Phosphorus (P) = Macronutrient Zinc (Zn) = Microelement Calcium (Ca) = Macronutrient Copper (Cu) = Microelement</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does the mass number of an atom represent?

    <p>The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In a neutral atom, the number of protons is equal to the number of electrons.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What unit is used to express the mass of protons and neutrons?

    <p>Dalton</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the pH of pure water?

    <p>7</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A lower pH indicates a higher concentration of hydroxide ions.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a buffer?

    <p>A chemical that stabilizes pH by absorbing excess H+ or OH- ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Acids increase the concentration of [______] in a solution.

    <p>H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following pH values with their corresponding descriptions:

    <p>0-7 = Acidic pH 7 = Neutral pH 7-14 = Basic pH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following indicates a basic solution on the pH scale?

    <p>8-14</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The blood pH is typically maintained around 8.4.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What happens to pH when an acid is added to a buffered solution?

    <p>The buffer absorbs excess hydrogen ions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrochloric acid (HCl) dissociates into [______] and Cl-.

    <p>H+</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of a strong base?

    <p>NaOH</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is an example of an anion?

    <p>Chloride (Cl-)</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen bonds are stronger than covalent bonds.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What atoms are typically involved in hydrogen bonding in living cells?

    <p>Oxygen and nitrogen</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrophobic interactions are important for maintaining a protein's _____ shape.

    <p>3D</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following types of interactions with their descriptions:

    <p>Hydrogen bonds = Attraction between a hydrogen atom and an electronegative atom Hydrophobic interactions = Aggregation of nonpolar molecules in water Van der Waals forces = Transient dipoles in close atoms Covalent bonds = Sharing of electron pairs between atoms</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the result of a hydrogen bond between water and ammonia?

    <p>Weak attraction due to charge differences</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Van der Waals interactions are strong and permanent.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How do hydrophobic molecules behave in water?

    <p>They aggregate together instead of dissolving.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Hydrogen bonds are formed when a hydrogen atom is attracted to a _____ atom.

    <p>electronegative</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes hydrogen bonds?

    <p>Weak attractions between polar molecules</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the most well-known application of carbon dating?

    <p>Measuring the amount of carbon-14 in organic materials</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Cobalt-60 can be used in treatment for cancerous tumors.

    <p>True</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What are the two common radioisotopes used for studying the thyroid gland?

    <p>iodine-123 and iodine-131</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The method called _____ involves using radioactive carbon to determine the age of organic materials.

    <p>carbon dating</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Match the following radioisotopes with their applications:

    <p>Iodine-123 = Thyroid function studies Cobalt-57 = Vitamin B12 metabolism Chromium-51 = Red blood cell survival rate Strontium-87 = Bone metabolism monitoring</p> Signup and view all the answers

    How can tracers be introduced into the body for monitoring purposes?

    <p>Either by injection or ingestion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Tracers are radioactive isotopes that cannot be detected inside a living organism.

    <p>False</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What type of radiation do X-rays represent?

    <p>electromagnetic radiation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    One of the uses of _____-51 is to help determine the survival rate of red blood cells.

    <p>chromium</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a common characteristic of radioactive isotopes compared to their stable forms?

    <p>Their chemical properties are the same</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    Elements in Organisms

    • Key elements contributing to an organism's weight include phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), calcium (Ca), and potassium (K).
    • Microelements (trace elements) are present in quantities less than 0.01%, including boron (B), chromium (Cr), cobalt (Co), copper (Cu), fluorine (F), iodine (I), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), molybdenum (Mo), selenium (Se), silicon (Si), vanadium (V), and zinc (Zn).

    Structure of Atoms

    • Atoms are the smallest units of matter retaining elemental properties.
    • Key stable particles within atoms are neutrons (neutral), protons (positive), and electrons (negative).
    • Neutrons and protons form a tightly packed atomic nucleus, while electrons form a cloud around it at near-light speed.
    • The atomic number indicates the number of protons and electrons in an electrically neutral atom.
    • Mass number is the total of protons and neutrons, written as a superscript, e.g., 4He for helium.

    Isotopes Application

    • Radioactive isotopes are used in biology and medicine as diagnostic tools.
    • Carbon-14 is utilized for carbon dating, decaying into nitrogen-14 with a half-life of over 5,000 years, revealing the age of organic materials.

    Radioisotopes in Medicine

    • Radioisotopes can replace stable isotopes in molecules due to identical chemical properties, allowing tracking of their movement through the body.
    • Commonly used isotopes include iodine-123 and iodine-131 for thyroid function assessment.
    • Other isotopes like cobalt-57 assist with vitamin B12 metabolism, while chromium-51 and iron-59 are used in red blood cell studies.

    Medical Imaging and Treatment

    • X-rays, a form of electromagnetic radiation, can penetrate opaque materials for imaging.
    • Radioactive isotopes (e.g., cobalt-60, cesium-137) are also employed in cancer treatment.

    Chemical Bonds

    • Hydrogen bonds are weak attractions between a hydrogen atom covalently bound to one electronegative atom and another electronegative atom (e.g., between water and ammonia).
    • Hydrophobic interactions occur when nonpolar molecules cluster to avoid water, essential for protein structure.
    • Van der Waals interactions arise from transient dipoles in atoms leading to weak attractions.

    pH Scale

    • The pH scale ranges from 0 to 14, indicating the concentration of hydrogen ions [H+] and hydroxide ions [OH-].
    • Pure water has a neutral pH of 7, corresponding to equal numbers of H+ and OH- ions.

    Acids and Bases

    • Acids increase [H+] in a solution (e.g., hydrochloric acid - HCl).
    • Bases increase [OH-] (e.g., sodium hydroxide - NaOH).
    • The scale indicates that each unit decrease in pH represents tenfold increases in H+ concentration, while each unit increase represents tenfold increases in OH- concentration.

    Buffers

    • Buffers maintain constant pH levels in biological systems, crucial for health (e.g., blood pH = 7.4).
    • They absorb excess H+ or OH- ions to minimize pH changes; carbonic acid (H2CO3) and bicarbonate (HCO3–) form one buffer system.

    Free Radicals

    • Free radicals are unstable molecules with unpaired electrons, implicated in various disorders, including aging and cancer.
    • They can damage proteins, fats, DNA, and neurotransmitters, contributing to wrinkles, arthritis, cancer, and Alzheimer's disease.
    • Factors leading to free radical formation include heavy exercise, tobacco use, radiation exposure, pollution, certain foods, and chemicals.

    Prevention Strategies

    • To counteract free radical effects, avoid detrimental factors and consume a diet rich in vitamins A, C, and E, which help neutralize free radicals.

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    Description

    This quiz explores the practical applications of isotopes, particularly in the fields of biology and medicine. Key topics include the use of radioactive isotopes as diagnostic tools and the principles behind carbon dating. Test your knowledge on how these isotopes contribute to various scientific investigations.

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