Apparel and Textile Industry Overview
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Questions and Answers

What is the primary function of the textile segment in the apparel and textile industry?

The textile segment processes fibers to produce yarns and fabrics, and performs dyeing and finishes.

List two types of products produced by the Clotech industry.

Clotech produces non-technical clothing items such as dresses, trousers, and jackets.

What are the main outputs of the Medtech sub-industry?

Medtech produces textile products for medical applications, such as surgical gowns, masks, and medical fabrics for wound coverings.

Describe the role of the retailing segment in the apparel and textile industries.

<p>The retailing segment purchases finished products from the apparel segment and sells them directly to consumers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain how yarns are created in the textile industry.

<p>Yarns are created by spinning or twisting together fibers from natural or synthetic sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify one application of textile products in the Agrotech sub-industry.

<p>Agrotech produces textile products such as soil covering material used in horticulture and agriculture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes Packtech from other sub-industries within the apparel and textile sector?

<p>Packtech focuses on producing textile products specifically for goods packaging, like packaging bags and transport coverings.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are fabrics formed from yarns in the textile production process?

<p>Fabrics are formed by interlacing, interlooping, or blending together yarns.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two properties used to classify geometric attributes of fibers?

<p>Cross section and length.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Define two tensile properties of textile materials.

<p>Tenacity and breaking extension.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which fiber exhibits good chemical resistance to alkalis and poor resistance to acids?

<p>Wool.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the acceptable pH range for clothing, according to OEKO-TEX standards?

<p>4 to 7.5.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What mechanical property measures the resistance of a fiber to deformation under load?

<p>Yield stress.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the pH of a fiber relate to human skin, particularly in terms of potential irritation?

<p>The pH should be around 5 to avoid skin irritation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the tensile property that refers to the energy absorbed by a material before failure.

<p>Work of rupture.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the pH of water, and what does it signify in terms of acidity or basicity?

<p>A pH of 7, indicating neutrality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the main steps involved in transforming fibres into garments?

<p>Fibres are cleaned and carded into slivers, which are then drafted and twisted into yarn. The yarns are woven into fabric, which is cut and sewn to create garments.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How are fibres classified in terms of length and origin?

<p>Fibres are classified as staple (short) or filament (long) based on their length, and as natural or manufactured based on their origin.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are staple fibres and provide an example?

<p>Staple fibres are short fibres, typically ranging from 2 to 100 cm in length; an example is cotton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Describe the role of the roving frame in the yarn production process.

<p>The roving frame adds a small twist during the reduction of the sliver's size, preparing it for the ring spinning process to produce yarn.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What properties must fibres possess to be suitable for yarn spinning?

<p>Fibres must possess length, flexibility, cohesiveness, strength, elasticity, and fineness.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of yarns in fabric production?

<p>Yarns are interlaced lengthwise and crosswise to create fabrics, forming the basic structure for textile products.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify two key consumer perspectives regarding fibres, yarns, fabrics, or garments.

<p>From a consumer's perspective, important factors include comfort and durability.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes filament fibres from natural fibres?

<p>Filament fibres are long and can extend for hundreds to thousands of meters, while natural fibres, except for silk, are generally staple (short) fibres.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of a pH meter?

<p>A pH meter is used to measure the acidity or alkalinity of a liquid.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why should the bulb of the pH meter probe never be touched by hand?

<p>The bulb should not be touched to avoid contamination and damage to the sensitive sensor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the two steps involved in calibrating a pH meter?

<p>The electrode is first placed in a buffer solution to read, then rinsed and placed in a second buffer for further reading.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List two conventional methods for identifying fibers.

<p>Microscopic test and burning test.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How is the solubility test used in fiber identification?

<p>Fibers are identified by testing their solubility in different chemicals.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Explain the firing characteristics that fibers might exhibit during the burning test.

<p>Fibers display behaviors such as shrinkage, melting, and specific odors when burned.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What occurs to cotton fibers when the seed boll reaches maturity?

<p>The boll bursts, releasing up to 150,000 cotton fibers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify two applications of cotton as a cellulose fiber.

<p>Cotton is used for textiles and medical supplies.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the specific density range of cotton?

<p>1.50-1.54 g/cm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does moisture absorption affect the tensile strength of cotton?

<p>Moisture absorption increases the tensile strength of cotton.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the elastic recovery percentages of cotton at 2% and 5% elongation?

<p>About 74% at 2% elongation and 45% at 5% elongation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Identify the primary source from which wool fibre is derived.

<p>Wool fibre is derived from the hair of animals, mainly sheep and goats.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the range of moisture regain in wool?

<p>15%</p> Signup and view all the answers

What happens to wool when exposed to temperatures above 130°C?

<p>Degradation starts at 130°C and it chars at 300°C.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How does the presence of scales affect wool fibres?

<p>The overlapping scales allow the fibres to stay together, providing greater bulk to retain air and heat.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is kempy wool and why is it not suitable for spinning?

<p>Kempy wool is hair-like wool with no crimp and no scales, making it unsuitable for spinning.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Apparel and Textile Industry

  • Consists of three main segments: Textile, Apparel, and Retailing.
  • Textile segment processes fibers to produce yarns and fabrics.
  • Apparel segment transforms textile materials into finished products.
  • Retailing segment sells finished products to consumers.

Sub-industries within Apparel and Textile

  • Clotech: Produces non-technical clothing and textile products, such as dresses, trousers, jackets, shoes, and hats.
  • Protech: Produces textile products for protection, like personal protective clothing for extreme temperatures.
  • Medtech: Focuses on textile products for medical and health applications, including medical fabrics, surgical gowns, and masks.
  • Hometech: Produces home textile products like floor mops, cleaning wipes, pillows, duvets, and furniture fabrics.
  • Agrotech: Creates textile products for agricultural applications, such as soil covering materials and packaging bags.
  • Packtech: Focuses on textile products for goods packaging, like packaging bags and transport covering.
  • Buildtech: Produces textile products for building materials, such as reinforcement for concrete and bricks.
  • Geotech: Creates textile products for soil applications, including subsoil reinforcement and erosion control.
  • Indutech: Produces textile products for industrial processes, such as filtration, conveyor belts, and waste cleaning.
  • Autotech: Produces textile products for vehicles, particularly auto interior materials.

The Textile Production Process

  • Fibers: The raw materials used to make textile items, spun or twisted to make yarns.
  • Yarns: Made from fibers, either natural or synthetic, and interlaced to create fabric.
  • Fabrics: Made from yarns, by joining them together.
  • Garment: The final product created by cutting and assembling fabric pieces.

Fibre Classification

  • Fibre Length: Classified as either staple (short) or filament (long).
    • Staple fibres: Short fibres, typically 2 to 100 cm long, including all natural fibres except silk.
    • Filament fibres: Long fibres, ranging from hundreds of meters to thousands of kilometers, including all man-made fibres except silk.
  • Fibre Source/Origin: Classified as either natural or manufactured.
    • Natural fibres: Harvested directly from plants, animals, or mineral sources.
    • Manufactured fibres: Produced through chemical manufacturing processes, including synthetic, regenerated, and mineral fibres.

Fibre Properties

  • Geometric properties: Cross-section area, shape, and length.
  • Physical properties: Density, bulk, heat transition, melting point, swelling, electrical properties, surface properties, friction, roughness, tensile strength, elongation.
  • Chemical properties: Response to chemicals (acids, alkalis), sorption, dyeability, burning characteristics, swelling, and biodegradability.

Textile Material Mechanical Properties

  • Tenacity: Tensile strength per unit weight of fibre.
  • Breaking extension: The length of the fibre at the time of breaking.
  • Breaking load: The maximum load a fibre can resist before breaking.
  • Work of rupture: The area under the stress-strain curve.
  • Initial modulus: Slope of the stress-strain curve at the beginning.
  • Work factor: Ratio of work of rupture to breaking load.
  • Work recovery: Energy recovered after removing the load.
  • Elastic recovery: Ability to return to its original length after deformation.
  • Yield stress: Point at which the material begins to deform permanently.
  • Yield strain: Amount of deformation at yield point.
  • Creep: Slow and continuous deformation under constant stress.

Chemical Resistance of Fibres

  • Cotton: Poor resistance to acids, good resistance to alkalis.
  • Wool: Good resistance to weak acids, poor resistance to strong acids, poor resistance to alkalis.
  • Nylon: Poor resistance to acids, good resistance to alkalis.

pH of Textiles

  • pH scale: Measures acidity or alkalinity of a substance (0-14).
  • Human skin pH: Approximately 5.
  • Oeko-Tex recommended pH: 4-7.5.
  • Importance of pH: Clothing pH can cause skin irritation, so it's important to keep it within the recommended range.

Fibre Identification Methods

  • Microscopic test: Uses microscopes to visualize fibre and yarn shapes and cross-sections.
  • Solubility test: Identifies fibres based on their solubility in different chemicals.
  • Burning test: Identifies fibres based on their burning characteristics, such as shrinkage, melting, odor, and ash.
  • Staining dye test: Uses specific dyes to identify fibres based on the resulting color.

Cellulosic Fibres: Cotton

  • Source: Natural plant fibre harvested from the cotton plant.
  • Growth: Fibres grow inside the seed boll.
  • Physical Properties:
    • Specific density: 1.50-1.54 g/cm3
    • Tensile strength: 25-50 cN/tex (increases with moisture absorption)
    • Poor elongation: 7-10%
    • Poor shrinkage resistance and elasticity
    • Moisture absorption: 7-8%
    • Moisture regain: 7.1-8.5%
    • Poor insulation (conducts electricity)
  • Chemical Properties:
    • Poor resistance to acids
    • Good resistance to alkalis
    • Good resistance to organic solvents
    • Resistant to moths and beetles but susceptible to silverfish
    • Poor resistance to bacteria and fungi
    • Poor resistance to sunlight (causes yellowing)
    • Damaged by high temperatures (yellowing at 100°C, decomposition at 150-240°C)

Wool Fibre

  • Source: Hair from animals of the Caprinae family, primarily sheep, goats, and alpacas.
  • Characteristics:
    • Overlapping scales with crimps for bulk and heat retention
    • Creamy or yellowish white color (some breeds produce black, brown, or grey)
    • Contains keratin, protein, and organic acids
    • Contains grease removed by scouring with detergents
  • Physical Properties:
    • Tenacity: 8.8-15 cN/tex (dry), 7-14 cN/tex (wet)
    • Specific gravity: 1.30-1.32
    • Moderate abrasion resistance
    • Excellent elongation (25%)
    • Moisture regain: 15%
    • Moisture absorption: 17%
    • Degradation starts at 130°C, chars at 300°C.
  • Chemical Properties:
    • Fair resistance to acid (strong acids destroy wool)
    • Yellowing from prolonged sun exposure
    • Poor resistance to alkalis
    • Good resistance to organic solvents used in normal care and stain removal.

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Explore the key segments of the Apparel and Textile Industry, including Textile, Apparel, and Retailing. Learn about the various sub-industries such as Clotech, Protech, Medtech, Hometech, Agrotech, and Packtech, each specializing in unique textile products. This quiz will enhance your understanding of how these segments interrelate and contribute to the industry.

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