Podcast
Questions and Answers
Which fibre is classified as having excellent chemical resistance to both acids and alkalis?
What is the optimal pH range for clothing to avoid skin irritation?
Which of the following is a mechanical property of textile materials?
What does a yield point signify in tensile properties?
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How does cotton respond to alkaline substances?
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Which property is associated with the cross-sectional geometric classification of fibres?
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What is the main relevance of measuring sorption in fibre properties?
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Which of the following statements regarding pH is true?
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What is the main purpose of a pH meter?
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How should the pH meter probe be cleaned after measuring pH?
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What is a critical step to ensure accurate pH measurements?
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Which of the following methods is NOT commonly used for fibre identification?
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What characteristic is NOT typically assessed in the burning test for fibers?
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What happens to cotton fibers when the seed boll matures?
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What is the primary advantage of using microscopy in fiber identification?
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How many fibers can each cotton boll contain?
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What is one of the primary properties of linen that makes it suitable for summer apparel?
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Which type of silk is produced by the Bombyx mori silkworm?
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Which segment of the apparel and textile industry primarily processes fibers into yarns and fabrics?
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Which of the following best describes dupion silk?
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What characteristic does flax have compared to cotton that enhances wearer comfort?
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What kind of textile products does the Medtech sub-industry primarily produce?
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Which sub-industry of the apparel and textile industry produces textile products for agricultural applications?
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What is not a common application of linen?
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Which silk type shows considerable variations in its mechanical properties?
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What is the primary purpose of the Indutech sub-industry in the apparel and textile sector?
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Which of the following is a step in the silk production process?
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What are the fundamental raw materials used to create textile items?
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Which among the following products would be classified under the Clotech sub-industry?
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What is the primary source of silk?
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What describes the process of turning fibers into fabric?
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Which segment of the apparel and textile industry buys finished products from the apparel segment?
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What is the correct sequence of processes to transform fibres into garments?
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Which characteristic is essential for fibres to be spun into yarn?
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What defines staple fibres?
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Which of the following statements about filament fibres is true?
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From the consumer's perspective, which aspect is primarily concerned with the end-use performance of garments?
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What is the role of the drawframe in the process of converting fibres to garments?
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What is a fabric in the context of textile production?
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What distinguishes natural fibres from manufactured fibres?
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Study Notes
Apparel and Textile Industry
- The Apparel and Textile industry is divided into three main segments: Textile, Apparel, and Retailing.
- The Textile segment processes fibers, producing yarns and fabrics, and conducts dyeing and finishing.
- The Apparel segment transforms textile materials into finished products like clothing.
- The Retailing segment purchases finished products from the Apparel segment and sells them to consumers.
Sub-industries
- Clotech: Produces non-technical clothing and textile products worn by consumers, such as dresses, trousers, jackets, shoes, and hats.
- Protech: Creates textile products for protection, like personal protective clothing for extreme temperatures.
- Medtech: Manufactures textile products for medical and health applications, such as medical fabrics for wound coverage, surgical gowns, and masks.
- Hometech: Produces home textile products including floor mops, cleaning wipes, pillows, duvets, and furniture fabrics.
- Agrotech: Creates textile products for agricultural use, such as soil covering material for horticulture and agriculture, and woven/knitted bags for agricultural produce packaging.
- Packtech: Produces textile products for goods packaging, like packaging bags and transport coverings.
- Buildtech: Manufactures textile products used as building materials, such as reinforcement for concrete and bricks, and lightweight construction materials.
- Geotech: Creates textile products for soil applications, including subsoil reinforcement, erosion control, and landscaping.
- Indutech: Produces textile products for industrial applications, such as filtration of dust and liquids, conveyor belts for goods transportation, and waste cleaning fibers or fabrics.
- Autotech: Manufactures textile products for vehicle applications, like auto interior materials.
Introduction to Textile Materials
- Fibers: The raw materials used for making textile items. They are spun or twisted to make yarns.
- Yarns: Made from fibers of natural or synthetic origins. They are interlaced, interloped, or blended together to create fabrics.
- Fabrics: Created by joining yarns together.
Transformation of Fibers to Garment
- Fibers undergo several processes to be transformed into garments.
- Fibers are opened, cleaned, and carded to form a sliver.
- The slivers pass through a drawframe for doubling and drafting.
- The sliver is passed through a roving frame for small twist insertion and size reduction.
- The roving undergoes ring spinning to produce yarn.
- Yarns are arranged lengthwise and crosswise in the weaving process to create fabric.
- Fabric is cut and pieces are assembled to produce a garment.
Importance of Fibers, Yarns, Fabrics, and Garments
- From the producer's perspective, the focus is on the processing properties of these materials.
- From the consumer's perspective, the emphasis is on end-use performance, durability, aesthetics, comfort (permeability, thermal, moisture transmission), and care properties.
Fibre Classification
- Fiber: A unit of matter, either natural or manufactured, forming the basic element of yarns, fabrics, and other textile structures.
- Length: At least 100 times its diameter or width.
- Essential Requirements for Spinning: Length, flexibility, cohesiveness, strength, elasticity, fineness, etc.
- Yarns: A continuous strand of twisted fibers suitable for knitting or weaving.
- Fabric: A planar textile structure produced by interlacing yarns or fibers.
Classification by Fiber Length
- Staple (Short) Fibers: Length ranges from 2 to 100 cm. All natural fibers are staple, except silk.
- Filament (Long) Fibers: Length can be hundreds of meters to thousands of kilometers. Includes all man-made fibers, except silk.
Fibre Source and Origin
- Natural Fibers: Harvested directly from plants, animals, and mineral sources.
- Manufactured Fibers: Produced through chemical manufacturing processes (synthetic, regenerated, and mineral fibers).
Fibre Chemistry
- Fibre: A unit of matter, either natural or manufactured, that forms the basic element of yarns, fabrics and other textile structures.
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Classification of Fibre Properties:
- Geometric: Cross section (area, shape), length.
- Physical: Density (linear, bulk), heat (transition, melting points), swelling, electrical (optimal).
- Chemical: Response to chemicals (acid, alkalis), sorption (dyeability, burning, swelling, optimal), biodegradability.
- Mechanical: Surface, friction, roughness, tensile, elongation.
Tensile/Mechanical Properties of Textile Material
- Tenacity: Resistance to breaking under tension.
- Breaking Extension: The amount of elongation before breaking.
- Breaking Load: The maximum load a material can withstand before breaking.
- Work of Rupture: The energy required to break a material.
- Initial Modulus: Stiffness of a material.
- Work Factor: Resistance to permanent deformation.
- Work Recovery: Ability to recover from deformation.
Chemical Resistance to Acids and Alkalis
| Fiber | Acid | Alkalis |
|---|---|---|
| Cotton | Poor | Good |
| Wool | Good to weak acids, Poor to strong acids | Poor |
| Nylon | Poor | Good |
| Other Cellulose | Excellent | Excellent |
Fibre pH and Fibre Identification
- pH: Measures the acidity or alkalinity of a substance. The scale ranges from 0 to 14.
- Human Skin & Clothing: pH can cause skin irritation; recommended range is 4 - 7.5.
- Measuring pH: pH meter is an electronic device used for measuring the pH of a liquid.
- Calibration: Essential for accurate and reproducible measurements.
- Fibre Identification: Conventional methods include microscopic, solubility, burning, and staining dye tests.
Microscopic Test
- Microscopes are used to visualize fibre and yarn shapes, surfaces, and cross-sections.
Solubility Test
- Fibres are identified based on their solubility in different chemicals.
Burning Test
- Fibres are identified based on their burning characteristics, including shrinkage, melting, odour, and ash.
Staining Dye Test
- Unknown fibres are dyed and compared to known dyed fibres for identification based on colour.
Cellulosic Fibres: Cotton
- Cotton: A natural plant fibre harvested from the cotton plant.
- Common Use: Most common plant fibre used for various applications.
- Growth: Fibres are attached to cotton seeds and grow inside seed bolls or pods.
- Boll Maturation: Bolls burst upon maturity, containing up to 150,000 fibres.
- Weakness: Poor resistance to wrinkling.
Comfort Properties of Cotton
- Absorbs moisture readily and dries quickly, making clothing feel cooler and more comfortable.
- Excellent conductor of heat, suitable for summer apparel.
- Non-allergenic, antistatic, and antibacterial.
Aesthetic Properties of Cotton
- Color and Lustre: Unbleached flax varies in colour from light cream to dark tan.
- Lustre: More lustrous than cotton due to higher wax content.
Applications of Cotton
- Table wear, suiting, clothing apparel, shirting, surgical thread, sewing thread.
- Decorative fabrics, bed linen, kitchen towels, high quality papers, handkerchiefs.
- Upholstery, draperies, wall coverings, artist’s canvases, luggage fabrics, paneling, insulation.
- Filtration, fabrics for light aviation use.
- Automotive end uses, reinforce plastics and composite materials.
- Flax could be used with grass seed straw or softwood fibre in composite boards.
Silk Fibres
- Silk: The only natural filament fibre.
- Protein: Made by various insects, primarily the Bombyx mori silkworm.
- Source: Cocoons formed by silkworms.
- Types of Silkworms: Domesticated silkworms (feed on mulberry leaves) and Wild silkworms (feed on non-mulberry leaves).
- Cultivated Silk: Creamy silk white or yellowish-white in colour.
Types of Silk
- Mulberry Silk: Produced by Bombyx mori, high mechanical properties. Off-white or yellowish.
- Wild Silk: Silk produced by moths other than Bombyx mori, variable mechanical properties, browner in colour, more uneven and coarser.
Silk Fibres
- Raw Silk: Silk that has not been degummed.
- Spun Silk: Yarns made from staple/short fibers.
- Dupion Silk: Two silkworms spin cocoons next to each other, filaments interlock and break during recovery, resulting in uneven, irregular, and larger yarns.
- Waste Silk or Silk Noil: Short ends of spun yarns or in blends with cotton or wool.
Silk Production Process
- Reeling: Unwinding silk from cocoons and twisting strands.
- Throwing: Weaving and twisting silk strands into yarns.
- Spinning: Creating yarn from fibers.
- Bleaching: Lightening silk color.
- Dyeing: Coloring silk.
- Degumming: Removing natural gum from silk to improve luster and softness.
Silk Finishing
- Silk fabrics require minimal finishing due to their natural luster, softness, and drapability.
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Description
This quiz explores the structure and segments of the Apparel and Textile industry, including Textile, Apparel, and Retailing. It delves into the various sub-industries, such as Clotech, Protech, Medtech, and Hometech, highlighting their specific products and applications. Test your knowledge on how these segments contribute to the overall industry.
