Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the primary reason why Europeans sought new trade routes in the Age of Exploration?
What is the primary reason why Europeans sought new trade routes in the Age of Exploration?
What was the primary crop that transformed societies in Native America?
What was the primary crop that transformed societies in Native America?
Which of the following is considered the most plausible theory on how Native Americans came to the Americas?
Which of the following is considered the most plausible theory on how Native Americans came to the Americas?
What was the name of the first European to see the Pacific Ocean?
What was the name of the first European to see the Pacific Ocean?
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The ______ Exchange refers to the transatlantic exchange of people, diseases, food, trade, ideas, etc. between the Western Hemisphere, Africa, and Europe.
The ______ Exchange refers to the transatlantic exchange of people, diseases, food, trade, ideas, etc. between the Western Hemisphere, Africa, and Europe.
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Which of the following describes the most significant consequence of the Columbian Exchange for Native Americans?
Which of the following describes the most significant consequence of the Columbian Exchange for Native Americans?
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What was the name of the first permanent European settlement in the United States?
What was the name of the first permanent European settlement in the United States?
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What was the name of the system used by the Spanish to control Native American labor and extract resources?
What was the name of the system used by the Spanish to control Native American labor and extract resources?
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The Spanish were successful in converting all Native Americans to Christianity.
The Spanish were successful in converting all Native Americans to Christianity.
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Which explorer explored the St. Lawrence River and is credited with giving Canada its name?
Which explorer explored the St. Lawrence River and is credited with giving Canada its name?
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What was the name of the Native American religious leader who led the Pueblo Revolt in 1680?
What was the name of the Native American religious leader who led the Pueblo Revolt in 1680?
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Match the European explorer with the region they are associated with.
Match the European explorer with the region they are associated with.
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What is the name of the myth surrounding the supposed cruelty of Spanish conquest and colonization in the Americas?
What is the name of the myth surrounding the supposed cruelty of Spanish conquest and colonization in the Americas?
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The Columbian Exchange had only negative consequences for Europe.
The Columbian Exchange had only negative consequences for Europe.
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Study Notes
Time Period 1-5% AP Exam - Chapter One: "New World Beginnings"
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Vocabulary:
- Importance of sugar and spice
- Muslim middlemen
- First plantation system
- Incas
- Aztecs
- Three-sisters farming
- Maize
- North American Tribes (use PPT)
- Ferdinand and Isabella
- 1492 Christopher Columbus
- Northwest Passage
- Columbian exchange
- 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas
- Conquistadors
- Cortez & Moctezuma
- Pizarro & the Incas - capitalism
- Encomienda
- Bartolome' de Las Casas
- Mestizos
- 1680 Pope's Rebellion
- Black legend
Native American Cultures
- By 1492, an estimated 54 million Native Americans
- Southern regions were densely populated
- Key cultures/areas: Maya, Inca, Aztec
- "Ice age" shaped the geologic and human history
- Bering Land Bridge Theory - a migration route via Bering Strait over 10,000 years before Columbus's arrival.
Pre-Columbian Cultures
- Southern Settlements: Maya (250 BC-900 AD), Mesoamerica, Calendar, Agricultural advancements
- Aztecs:(1200-1521 AD), present-day Mexico, Mesoamerica, Tenochtitlan (largest city), maize/corn-irrigation
- Inca: (1438-1535 AD), Peru, Largest empire in the Americas
- Mound Builders (Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian-Cahokia), 800 BC-1500 AD
- Southwest Cultures (Hohokum and Anasazi), 300 BC-1400 AD
- Northern Settlements
Cultivation of Maize
- Maize (corn) transformed societies
- Reduced hunting/gathering, increased populations
- Villages built around maize fields
- Elaborate irrigation systems
- Three-sister farming (maize, beans, and squash)- supported dense populations
Major Empires and Culture Areas
- Mound Builders (Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian), 800 B.C.-A.D. 1500
- Maya, 250 B.C.-A.D. 900
- Southwest cultures (Hohokam, Anasazi), A.D. 300-1400
- Aztec, A.D. 1200-1521
- Inca, A.D. 1438-1535
Native Americans: Interactions
- Developed diverse social, political, and economic structures
- Traded with nearby tribes
- Culture diverse, often connected to nature
- Animism: Non-human things (plants, animals) possess a spiritual essence.
American NW and California
- Chinook had extensive trade routes, hunted/fished, and lived in large communities.
Age of Exploration
- Political: Gaining wealth and land (Glory)
- Economic: Searching new trade routes (Gold)
- Religious: Spreading Christianity (God)
Norse Exploration (Vikings)
- A.D. 1000 (Greenland)
- Sea going people
- New Finland (possibly Maine too)
- "Vinland"
- Myths for 500 years
The Backstory (11th-14th Centuries)
- Christian Crusades failed to take the Holy Land
- Europe introduced to new goods (silks, drugs, spices)
- Exotic delights of Asia (Sugar and Spice)
- Expensive goods - search for less expensive routes
Portuguese Exploration
- Prince Henry the Navigator
- New technology: caravel, astronomical charts, sextant
- Explore African coast to find alternative route to the Indies
- West African coast- trading post
- Slaves - African diaspora
- 1460 Madeira largest sugar producer
- Plantation system - large-scale commercial agriculture
- Exploitation of slave labor
Spanish Exploration
- Treaty of Grenada - Ferdinand and Isabella conquered Muslims
- Objectives: controlled south and east, Spain looked West
- 1492- Christopher Columbus believed he could reach Asia by sailing West
- Found tobacco
- Died believing he had found the East.
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
- Pope divided the New World with Spain and Portugal
Other Explorers
- Amerigo Vespucci
- Balboa
- Magellan
- Ponce de Leon
- Other Explorers
Conquistadors
- Adventurers who explored for riches and glory
- Soldiers for personal profit, under Spanish Crown
- Considered themselves crusaders, had priests who brought Christianity to the natives
- Justified their behavior as “God’s work”
European Expansion into North America
- 1539 - De Soto - sought cities of gold, found Mississippi river
- 1539 - Coronado - sought cities of gold, found parts of NM, Arizona, TX, Kansas
- 1518 - Cortes - Conquered the Aztecs, Noche Triste
- 1532 - Pizarro - Conquered the Incas
1598- Don Juan de Oñate
- Tales of Coronado’s expedition
- 83 Wagons, hundreds of men
- Mexico to Rio Grande Valley
- Established New Mexico - capital Santa Fe
- 1599 Battle of Acoma.
Columbian Exchange
- Massive demographic and social changes from 1492
- Trans-Atlantic exchange of people, diseases, food, trade, and ideas between Western Hemisphere, Africa, and Europe
Noteworthy Impacts
- Disease: High death rate for Native Americans (up to 90%) due to European diseases
- Horses: Increased Native American mobility
- Corn/Maize: Fueled population explosion in Europe
- Sugar: Sugar revolution, forced migration of millions of Africans
- Potatoes: Population boom in some areas like Ireland.
Haciendas
- Agricultural estates
- Used servile labor
Other Topics
- Spanish Colonization, Cycle of Conquest and Colonization
- From Plunder to Settlement (Spanish Imperialism, Imperial Bureaucracy, St. Augustine)
- Encomienda System, Bartolome' de Las Casas, Debated colonization of the Native Americans, Haciedas
- California Missions (Christianity), Santa Fe (religious and governing center for exploration)
- Oppression in Santa Fe, Pueblo Revolt (1680-Popay's Rebellion)
- Black Legend - concept of the Spanish conquerors
Key People
- Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda
- Popay
Spanish Colonization
- Operated strict control over colonies
- How different from France or England?
- Needed a system for management
- Conquistadors were NOT successful
Must Know
- Native American populations before 1492
- Portuguese and Spanish exploration and conquest
- Colombian Exchange
- Patterns and characteristics of Spanish Colonization
- Encomienda system
- Pueblo Revolt ("Pope's Rebellion")
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Description
Explore the pivotal events and cultures that shaped the Americas before 1492 in this AP US History quiz. From Indigenous civilizations like the Maya and Aztec to European exploration and the Columbian exchange, test your knowledge on essential vocabulary and historical concepts.
