Lecture Notes: Chapter 1 "New World Beginnings" PDF

TIME PERIOD 1- 5% AP EXAM CHAPTER ONE “New World Beginnings” TIME PERIOD ONE Chapter 1 "New World Beginnings" VOCAB: 1. importance of Sugar and Spice 2. Muslim Middlemen 3. first plantation system 4. Incas 5. Aztecs 6. Three-sisters farming 7. Maize 8. North American Tribes...

TIME PERIOD 1- 5% AP EXAM CHAPTER ONE “New World Beginnings” TIME PERIOD ONE Chapter 1 "New World Beginnings" VOCAB: 1. importance of Sugar and Spice 2. Muslim Middlemen 3. first plantation system 4. Incas 5. Aztecs 6. Three-sisters farming 7. Maize 8. North American Tribes* USE PPT "North American Tribes" 9. Ferdinand and Isabella 10. 1492 Christopher Columbus 11. Northwest Passage 12. Columbian exchange 13. 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas 14. Conquistadors 15. Cortez & Moctezuma 16. Pizzaro & the Incas- capitalism 17. Conquistadors 18. Encomienda 19. Bartolome’ de Las Casas 20. Mestizos 21. 1680 Pope’s Rebellion 22. Black legend  Bering Land Bridge Theory Native Americans: Over 10,000 years before Columbus people came to the Americas via the Bering Strait  Native Cultures Native Americans- By 1492 – estimated 54 million Natives Southern Regions- Most populated areas in South Maya Inca Aztec “ice age”: shaped geologic and people history the most plausible theory people crossed the Bering land bridge from  Pre-Columbian Cultures Southern Aztec 1200-1521 AD Present-day Mexico Settlements: Mesoamerica Maya Tenochtitlan* largest city 250 BC-900AD Maize/corn- irrigation Central America mesoamerica INCA1438- Calendar 1535AD Agricultural Peru advancements Largest empire in Americas 1000bc 800bc 500bc 300 bc 0 1000 AD 1100AD 1200AD 1300AD 1400AD 1450AD Mound Builders (Adena, Hopewell, Mississippian- Cahokia) 800 BC - 1500 AD Southwest Cultures (Hohokum and Anasazi) 300 BC - 1400 AD Northern Settlements:  CULTIVATION OF MAIZE: a-maize-ing! Maize transformed societies: Less emphasis on hunting & gathering Increase in population Villages were built around maize fields Elaborate irrigation systems. Three-sister farming— maize (corn), beans, and squash—supported dense populations. The natives had neither the desire nor the means to manipulate nature aggressively.  Native Americans: developed a wide variety of social, political, and economic structures based upon interactions with each other – Trade with nearby tribes and the environment – Culture was diverse, but religion was often connected to relationship with nature. – Animism: the belief that non-human things (plants, animals) possess a spiritual essence-very different than Europeans.  Native Americans: Developed different and complex societies that both – Transformed – and adapted to their diverse environments Southwest Great Basin & Great Plains Atlantic coast & Northeast American Northwest & California  Southwest: (Anasazi, Navajo, Pueblo, Apache) – Pueblo “village – lived in arid land, very dry. – Relied on irrigation to grow maize and other agricultural products – Maize cultivation spread from present day Mexico, and headed north and allowed for large population growth in the American Southwest  Great Basin & Great Plains: (Lakota, Sioux) lack of natural resources led to growth of nomadic (moving around a lot) lifestyle and the importance of hunting bison. Tribes moved around searching for bison. Atlantic coast & Northeast: (Mound builders, Iroquois) mix of agricultural and a hunter-gatherer society permanent villages in many areas. Iroquois- women helped make tribal decisions- matrilineal (like Africa) relationship with French, Dutch will effect them in future  American NW and California: (Shasta, Chinook) had extensive trade routes, hunted/fished, and lived in large communities.  Age of Exploration Political: become a world power through gaining wealth and land. (GLORY) Economic: Search for new trade routes with direct access to Asian/African luxury goods would enrich individuals and their nations (GOLD) Religious: spread Christianity and weaken Middle Eastern Muslims. (GOD)  Lief Ericson “Leif the Lucky” NORSE EXPLORATION “Vikings”: A.D. 1000 (Greenland) Sea going people New Finland (possibly Maine too) “Vinland” Myths for 500 years THE BACKSTORY: 11TH- 14TH Century (A.D. 1095-1200’) Christian Crusades- failed to take the holy land out of Muslim control BUT Europe was introduced to new Goods Silks, drugs, spices, etc.. “exotic delights” of Asia Sugar AND Spice! EXPENSIVE-> Muslim middle-men *Search begins for a less expensive route=CHEAPER goods!!!! PORTUGUESE: Prince Henry the Navigator New technology: -caravel (sail into the wind), -astronomical charts -Sextant: like a gps system latitude/longitude Objectives: Explore the African coastline to find a alternate route to “the Indies” Trade: West African coast—trading post slaves –African diaspora 1460 Madeira largest Sugar producer in the world. Plantation system—large-scale commercial agriculture exploitation of slave labor! SPAIN: Treaty of Grenada: Ferdinand and Isabella conquered the Muslim moors “the dark ones” Objectives: Portuguese controlled the south and east Spain looked WEST … to find a route to “the Indies” 1492- Christopher Columbus believed he could Reach Asia by sailing west Found a local plant “tobacos” Died believing he had found the “East” Spain secured its claim to Columbus’s discovery in the Treaty of Tordesillas (1494), which with the help of the Pope divided the New World with Portugal. Other Explorers came to the New World: 1499- Amerigo Vespucci Waterway to east declared a “New World” (America) 1510- Balboa Direct route- looking for waterway to the East 1st European to see the Pacific Ocean named the Pacific claimed all land for Spain 1519- Magellan Atlantic-Pacific passage Argentina -strait of Magellan Rounded tip of South America First circumnavigation of the globe. 1519- Ponce de Leon Seeking gold First Spaniard to set foot in US- beautiful flowers in “Florida”  Conquistadores: adventures set out to explore Riches and glory soldier/explorers sailed for personal profit under the banner of the Spanish crown also considered themselves to be crusaders many had priests with them whose duty it was to bring Christianity (Catholicism) to the natives they encountered. Often justified behavior as “God’s work” 1539- de Soto--------> Cities of gold, found Mississippi Southeastern US Carolinas and Oklahoma 1539 Defeated Timucuan warriors First large-scale massacre by Europeans on American soil “Napituca Massacre” Riches & Glory Defeats Aztec Empire“Noche triste” Small pox Destroys Tenochtitlan Mexico City “New Spain” 1532- Pizarro-------------------→ In search of Incan gold Defeated the Incas natives were divided 1598 - Don Juan de Onaate OBJECTIVE: tales of Coronado’s expedition 83 wagons, 100s of men- Mexico to Rio Grande Valley Founded province of New Mexico- capital Santa Fe Spanish victory in the: 1599 Battle of Acoma the people of Acoma resisted one leg be chopped from every man over15 the rest of the population would be enslaved Cruelly abused the Pueblo peoples Map 1.5 p21 1492: The arrival of Columbus in 1492 (& other Europeans after) led to massive demographic and social changes on both sides of the Atlantic. Columbian Exchange: Trans-Atlantic exchange of people, diseases, food, trade, ideas, etc. between the Western Hemisphere, Africa, and Europe. NEW OLD WORLD WORLD COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE: or the transfer of food, flora, fauna, and people. 4 continents, Americas, Europe and Africa OLD World to New World: NEW World to Old World:  NOTEWORTHY IMPACT Disease: An exchange of diseases between the explorers and the natives took place. – Population decline Native Americans – Up to 90% death rate Horses: The Introduction of horses changed many Native American societies. – Increased mobility (farther/faster) and new contact with tribes Corn/maize: fueled population explosion in Europe Sugar: A “sugar revolution” took place in the European diet. – Need labor for the sugar=forced migration of millions of Africans – Worked the cane fields and sugar mills of the New World Potatoes: Irish potato famine, sweet potato in Africa =population boom=diaspora p15 Trans-Atlantic highway… a world in motion SPANISH COLONIZATION Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Conqui Explorers stadore s s ir e a European ion Permanent s Colonial is Empire Settlers M  From Plunder to Settlement Spanish Imperialism: – operated strict control over its colonies-enforced laws/taxes/religion Ex. all trade through regulated ports – how does this compare to France or England? Imperial bureaucracy: – Needed a system & management – Conquistador government was NOT successful St. Augustine: – 1565-Sain 1st to colonize the US – Florida, St. Augustine- oldest inhabited European fort – Protect sea lanes to Caribbean and the Spanish treasure fleets ----> By 1650, 1/2 million Spaniards immigrated to the New World. Encomiendas- land grants right to demand labor & taxes from Native Americans. given natives for whom they were to take responsibility. (quasi-feudal) Theory: to “protect” the natives. to teach them Spanish to convert them to the Catholic faith Christianize them Reality: the elite forced on the serfs into slavery-Harsh treatment mining: gold/silver mines agriculture: sugar  Bartolome’ de Las Casas: “It should be kept in mind that their insatiable greed and ambition, the Dominican priest greatest ever seen in the world, is the traveled through Spain cause of their villainies.” Bartolome de Las Casas working for reform. Called ecomeinda system “a moral pestilence invented by Satan.” 1552- wrote “A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies” Helped repeal of the laws which allowed the Indians to be used in “slave labor gangs.” Las Casas is a shining example of resistance to the ill treatment of native peoples His works inspired revolutionary thinkers.  Some Spanish colonists upset at his interference. Debates occurred over how Native Americans should be treated and how “civilized” they were compared to European standards. Juan Ginés de Sepúlveda: Wrote “Just Causes for War against the Indians” Justified Spanish colonization of the Americas It was a “good” thing- -natural slavery -inferiority of natives Debated Las Casas in front of the Spanish court Haciendas: date of transition from encomienda to hacienda is debated. Agricultural haciendas used a servile labor force made possible its day-to-day operation.  Plunder to Settlement Invaders brought more than conquest. They intermarried with surviving Indians, creating culture of mestizos: people of mixed Indian and European heritage. Mostly unmarried males came to New World; – intermarriage led to mixed-blood offspring – Intense social hierarchy  California Missions: As part of Colonization, Spanish sought to convert native people to Catholicism. 1769- Spanish missionaries founded San Diego the first chain of 21 missions up the coast to Sonoma. Very different than the British  Santa Fe, New Mexico 1609: Oldest capital city in America Santa Fe was a center for exploration & mission work. Franciscan friars built eleven churches and by 1617 had converted more than 14,000 Native Americans to their form of Christianity. BUT, attempts to convert Native Americans also led to resistance and conflict!!  Oppression in Santa Fe: Started with Juan de Oñate’s invasion 1598 “Battle of Acoma” Indians forced to abandon their religions, adopt Christianity Destroyed traditional centers of worship (kivas) & sacramental objects(kachinas) Pay tribute to Spanish rulers 2,000 Spanish 30,000 pueblos Resistance was met with imprisonment, torture, amputations. Often white superiority a justification for treatment building for 8 decades…  Pueblo Revolt 1680- Popay’s Rebellion Now, rising virtually as one, the Pueblos drove out Spanish soldiers and authorities (government and church). native religious leader Pope (Popay) 2,500 warriors on a single day 21 Franciscan priest died survivors fled and abandoned the town Natives established their own community in Santa Fe held the town for twelve years-Hopi When Spanish returned we see less assimilation and more accommodation Spain’s colonial empire grew swiftly and impressively. South America & Mexico had been radically altered by European contact but North America largely unclaimed & unexplored. Other explorers began to come. “Black Legend”- concept that the conquerors merely tortured and killed the Indians, stole their gold, infected them with smallpox, and left little but misery behind. Somewhat true, there were Spanish misdeeds, but they also grafted their culture, laws, religion, and language into the native societies- laid the foundations for scores of Spanish speaking countries.- >cultural innovators of the New *The legend reached its peak during the Spanish-American War of World. 1898, when a new edition of Bartolomé de las Casas’s book on the destruction of the West Indies was published. FRENCH and ENGLISH Exploration: 1492- Christopher Columbus- new world 1497–1498 (John Cabot) explored North America 1499- Amerigo Vespucci- America “New World” 1510- Balboa- Pacific Ocean 1518- Cortes- Aztecs- Mexico City “New Spain” 1519- Magellan- circumnavigate the globe 1519- Ponce de Leon- first in US-Florida 1532- Pizarro- Incas 1534- Jacques Cartier explored St. Lawrence River 1539- de Soto- reached the Mississippi River 1540- Coronado- American Southwest 1598- Don Juan de Oñate- New Mexico-Santa Fe 1680- Robert de La Salle- expedition down Mississippi River 1769- Father Junipero Serra- San Diego-21 missions ENGLAND: 1497–1498―Giovanni Caboto (John Cabot) – Find new wealth in a new land – explored the northeastern coast of North America – No colonization – England not economically ready to colonize FRANCE: 1534- Jacques Cartier – Looking for route to China – journeyed 100 miles up the St. Lawrence River – Gave Canada its name FRANCE: 1680- Robert de La Salle – Led a French expedition down the Mississippi River-----> “Great lakes region” First European to sail down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico.  MUST KNOW: – Native American populations prior to 1492 – Portuguese and Spanish exploration and conquest – COLUMBIAN EXCHANGE – Patterns and characteristics of Spanish Colonization – Enomienda system – Pueblo Revolt “Pope’s Rebellion” I. European expansion into the Western Hemisphere generated intense social, religious, political, and economic competition and changes within European societies. A) European nations’ efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity. B) The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism. C) Improvements in maritime technology and more organized methods for II. The Columbian Exchange and development of the Spanish Empire in the Western Hemisphere resulted in extensive demographic, economic, and social changes. A) Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas. B) In the encomienda system, Spanish colonial economies marshaled Native American labor to support plantation- based agriculture and extract precious metals and other resources. C) European traders partnered with some West African groups who practiced slavery to forcibly extract slave labor for the Americas. The Spanish imported III. In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power. A) Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to make sense of the other. over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other’s culture. B) As European encroachments on Native Americans’ lands and demands on their labor increased, native peoples sought to defend and maintain their political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs, and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance.