AP Psychology Unit 3: Development and Learning
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Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a continuous developmental change?

  • A child developing the ability to walk.
  • Gradual increase in a child's height over time. (correct)
  • A teenager experiencing a significant growth spurt during puberty.
  • A fetus developing different organ systems.

    • What research method compares several groups of different ages at one specific time?

  • Case study
  • Cross-sequential study
  • Longitudinal study
  • Cross-sectional study (correct)

    • Which of the following is considered a teratogen?

  • Genetic mutations
  • Maternal antibodies
  • A balanced diet
  • Alcohol consumption during pregnancy (correct)

    • Which of the following best describes the concept of 'maturation' in the context of developmental psychology?

    <p>The biological unfolding of a person according to their genetic plan.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    The rooting reflex in infants is demonstrated by which action?

    <p>Turning their head and opening their mouth when their cheek is stroked</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does research using the visual cliff primarily aim to study?

    <p>Infant depth perception</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept is most directly related to the debate between influences of 'nature vs. nurture' in developmental psychology?

    <p>Thematic issues.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    If researchers are studying a group of children over 10 years to track their development over time, this is an example of what kind of study?

    <p>Longitudinal study</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes a sensitive period in development?

    <p>A time frame when an individual is most responsive to environmental experiences.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is not an example of a primary sex characteristic?

    <p>Development of breasts</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What physical change is typically associated with the onset of spermarche?

    <p>The first instance of sperm production</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the type of thinking that characterizes the concrete operational stage?

    <p>Logical and realistic thought</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following is a typical physical development seen in adulthood?

    <p>A general decline in sensory acuity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Vygotsky's theory, what is the 'zone of proximal development'?

    <p>The difference between what a learner can do with and without assistance</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which concept, in Piaget’s theory, describes the process of adjusting existing schemas to incorporate new information?

    <p>Accommodation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes crystallized intelligence?

    <p>The accumulation of knowledge and skills over time</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, is characterized by the development of object permanence?

    <p>Sensorimotor stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    A child who believes that the moon is following them has a characteristic of which stage of cognitive development according to Piaget?

    <p>Preoperational</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is a key characteristic of the symbols used in language?

    <p>They are arbitrary and culturally determined</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following defines the smallest units of meaning in a language?

    <p>Morphemes</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes conservation, in cognitive development?

    <p>The ability to understand that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    In which stage of language development would you expect a child to start using overgeneralization?

    <p>Telegraphic speech stage</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main principle behind the concept of generativity in language?

    <p>The use of basic language to express unlimited ideas</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which type of communication is considered nonverbal?

    <p>Manual Gestures</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best illustrates negative reinforcement?

    <p>A headache disappearing after taking medication.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the primary focus of 'shaping' in operant conditioning?

    <p>Gradually guiding behavior towards a desired outcome through successive approximations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Instinctive drift is best explained as:

    <p>An animal's learned behavior reverting back to its natural, instinctual behavior.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What does a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement entail?

    <p>Reinforcement occurs after a different number of responses each time.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What impact does learned helplessness have on an individual's behavior?

    <p>It can lead to passivity and a lack of motivation to respond to situations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

    <p>Money</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the purpose of reinforcement discrimination?

    <p>To understand when a behavior will be reinforced, and when it will not.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the main concept of social learning theory?

    <p>Learning through observation and imitation of others.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Erikson's theory, what is the primary psychosocial conflict during adolescence?

    <p>Identity versus role confusion</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of 'identity foreclosure,' according to Marcia's identity status model?

    <p>Adopting an identity without sufficient exploration</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is the focus of the behavioral perspective in explaining behavior and mental processes?

    <p>Observable behaviors and environmental factors</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of these is NOT considered a type of identity explored during adolescence according to the provided content?

    <p>Economic identity</p> Signup and view all the answers

    According to Erikson, which psychosocial conflict do individuals face during early adulthood?

    <p>Intimacy versus isolation</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Which of the following best describes the concept of classical conditioning, as it applies to behavior and mental processes?

    <p>Learning through the association of stimuli</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What is 'identity diffusion' according to Marcia's model of identity statuses?

    <p>Lack of commitment to, and exploration of any identity.</p> Signup and view all the answers

    What would be an example of an adverse childhood experience (ACE)?

    <p>Experiencing neglect or abuse</p> Signup and view all the answers

    Study Notes

    AP Psychology Unit 3: Development and Learning

    • Key Topics Covered (Unit 3): Developmental psychology, physical development across lifespan, cognitive development across lifespan, social-emotional development across lifespan, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social cognitive learning.
    • Developmental Psychology: Enduring themes within development across lifespan, uses of developmental research design methods to inform understanding of behavior and mental processes.
    • Themes and Methods in Developmental Psychology: Includes concerns about development and/or thematic issues in development across the lifespan. This topic examines how various forces influence development. It also discusses how research design methods help understand behavior and mental processes.
    • Physical Development Across the Lifespan: Key milestones in physical development, including prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Influences on major physical and psychological milestones are explored, along with reflexes present in infants, and critical/sensitive periods of development. Examples are teratogens, maternal illness, and environmental factors.
    • Cognitive Development Across the Lifespan: Examine theories of cognitive development, such as Piaget's stages of cognitive development. Explore how cognitive development impacts behavior and mental processes, along with the role of continuous and discontinuous processes of children.
    • Social-Emotional Development Across the Lifespan: Study of the influence of the social environment on social development. Examples of social concepts are secure attachment, insecure attachment, attachment styles, peer relationship development, adult social development, and influences of parenting styles. Ecological systems theory concepts (Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem) are also relevant.
    • Psychosocial Development (Erikson): Stage theory of psychosocial development, and psychosocial conflicts across lifespan. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and their effect on development are considered.
    • Classical Conditioning: Focuses on learning through association and the role of the behavioral perspective. Key concepts include stimulus, response, unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditioned response (CR), acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus discrimination, stimulus generalization and higher order conditioning.
    • Operant Conditioning: Focuses on consequence-based learning. Key concepts involve reinforcement (positive and negative), punishment (positive and negative), primary and secondary reinforcement, shaping, successive approximations, instinctive drift, reinforcement schedules (continuous, partial, fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, variable ratio), and learned helplessness.
    • Social, Cognitive, and Neurological Factors in Learning: Learn how social learning theory, vicarious learning, observational learning, modeling, latent learning, and insight learning impact behavior and mental processes.

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    Description

    Test your knowledge on developmental psychology with this quiz covering key themes and methods in development, physical, cognitive, and social-emotional growth across the lifespan. Explore how various forces influence development and learn about conditioning in psychology. Perfect for AP Psychology students preparing for exams.

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