AP Psychology Unit 3: Development and Learning
40 Questions
20 Views

Choose a study mode

Play Quiz
Study Flashcards
Spaced Repetition
Chat to Lesson

Podcast

Play an AI-generated podcast conversation about this lesson

Questions and Answers

Which of the following is a continuous developmental change?

  • A child developing the ability to walk.
  • Gradual increase in a child's height over time. (correct)
  • A teenager experiencing a significant growth spurt during puberty.
  • A fetus developing different organ systems.

What research method compares several groups of different ages at one specific time?

  • Case study
  • Cross-sequential study
  • Longitudinal study
  • Cross-sectional study (correct)

Which of the following is considered a teratogen?

  • Genetic mutations
  • Maternal antibodies
  • A balanced diet
  • Alcohol consumption during pregnancy (correct)

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'maturation' in the context of developmental psychology?

<p>The biological unfolding of a person according to their genetic plan. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

The rooting reflex in infants is demonstrated by which action?

<p>Turning their head and opening their mouth when their cheek is stroked (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does research using the visual cliff primarily aim to study?

<p>Infant depth perception (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept is most directly related to the debate between influences of 'nature vs. nurture' in developmental psychology?

<p>Thematic issues. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

If researchers are studying a group of children over 10 years to track their development over time, this is an example of what kind of study?

<p>Longitudinal study (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes a sensitive period in development?

<p>A time frame when an individual is most responsive to environmental experiences. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is not an example of a primary sex characteristic?

<p>Development of breasts (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What physical change is typically associated with the onset of spermarche?

<p>The first instance of sperm production (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the type of thinking that characterizes the concrete operational stage?

<p>Logical and realistic thought (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a typical physical development seen in adulthood?

<p>A general decline in sensory acuity (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Vygotsky's theory, what is the 'zone of proximal development'?

<p>The difference between what a learner can do with and without assistance (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which concept, in Piaget’s theory, describes the process of adjusting existing schemas to incorporate new information?

<p>Accommodation (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes crystallized intelligence?

<p>The accumulation of knowledge and skills over time (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which stage of cognitive development, according to Piaget, is characterized by the development of object permanence?

<p>Sensorimotor stage (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

A child who believes that the moon is following them has a characteristic of which stage of cognitive development according to Piaget?

<p>Preoperational (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is a key characteristic of the symbols used in language?

<p>They are arbitrary and culturally determined (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following defines the smallest units of meaning in a language?

<p>Morphemes (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes conservation, in cognitive development?

<p>The ability to understand that quantity remains the same despite changes in shape. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

In which stage of language development would you expect a child to start using overgeneralization?

<p>Telegraphic speech stage (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main principle behind the concept of generativity in language?

<p>The use of basic language to express unlimited ideas (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which type of communication is considered nonverbal?

<p>Manual Gestures (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best illustrates negative reinforcement?

<p>A headache disappearing after taking medication. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of 'shaping' in operant conditioning?

<p>Gradually guiding behavior towards a desired outcome through successive approximations. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Instinctive drift is best explained as:

<p>An animal's learned behavior reverting back to its natural, instinctual behavior. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does a variable ratio schedule of reinforcement entail?

<p>Reinforcement occurs after a different number of responses each time. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What impact does learned helplessness have on an individual's behavior?

<p>It can lead to passivity and a lack of motivation to respond to situations. (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is an example of a secondary reinforcer?

<p>Money (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the purpose of reinforcement discrimination?

<p>To understand when a behavior will be reinforced, and when it will not. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main concept of social learning theory?

<p>Learning through observation and imitation of others. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson's theory, what is the primary psychosocial conflict during adolescence?

<p>Identity versus role confusion (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of 'identity foreclosure,' according to Marcia's identity status model?

<p>Adopting an identity without sufficient exploration (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the focus of the behavioral perspective in explaining behavior and mental processes?

<p>Observable behaviors and environmental factors (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT considered a type of identity explored during adolescence according to the provided content?

<p>Economic identity (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Erikson, which psychosocial conflict do individuals face during early adulthood?

<p>Intimacy versus isolation (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the concept of classical conditioning, as it applies to behavior and mental processes?

<p>Learning through the association of stimuli (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is 'identity diffusion' according to Marcia's model of identity statuses?

<p>Lack of commitment to, and exploration of any identity. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What would be an example of an adverse childhood experience (ACE)?

<p>Experiencing neglect or abuse (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Critical period

A time period early in life where specific experiences have a significant impact on development.

Sensitive period

A time period in development where an individual is more sensitive to certain experiences.

Adolescent growth spurt

A rapid increase in height and weight during adolescence.

Puberty

The physical changes that occur during puberty, resulting in reproductive maturity.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary sex characteristics

Physical characteristics directly related to reproduction, such as ovaries and testes.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secondary sex characteristics

Physical characteristics that develop during puberty, not directly related to reproduction.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Menarche

The first menstrual period.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Spermarche

The first ejaculation of semen.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Teratogens

Factors that can harm a developing fetus, such as drugs, alcohol, radiation, and viruses.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Maturation

The natural unfolding of a sequence of physical and behavioral changes, influenced by genetics.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reflexes (e.g., Rooting Reflex)

An automatic, involuntary behavior present at birth, often used to assess infant health.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Cross-Sectional Research Design

A research design to study development in which participants of different ages are compared at one point in time, offering a snapshot.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Longitudinal Research Design

A research design that examines the same group of individuals over a long period of time, revealing changes over the lifespan.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Nature vs. Nurture

The debate about whether our traits are more influenced by genes or environment.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Continuous Development

The idea that development occurs gradually and continuously, with skills building upon previous ones.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Discontinuous Development

The idea that development occurs in distinct stages, with qualitative leaps in abilities.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Concrete operational stage

The stage of cognitive development, occurring roughly between ages 7 and 11, in which children begin to think logically and solve problems more systematically, but their thinking is still concrete and bound by real-world experiences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Formal operational stage

The stage of cognitive development that emerges around adolescence, characterized by the ability to think abstractly, hypothetically, and systematically.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Language processing

A cognitive process that involves understanding how language is organized and used to communicate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Morpheme

The smallest unit of meaning in a language.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Syntax

The rules that govern how words are combined into sentences.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Generativity

The ability of language to produce an infinite number of unique sentences and expressions.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Babbling

The stage in language development when infants begin to produce sounds that resemble consonants and vowels.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Telegraphic speech

The stage in language development when children begin to use two-word phrases.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Classical Conditioning

A type of learning where an association is made between two stimuli, resulting in a new learned response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

A stimulus that naturally triggers a response without prior learning.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conditioned Stimulus (CS)

A previously neutral stimulus that, after being paired with the unconditioned stimulus, comes to elicit a conditioned response.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

The natural, automatic response to an unconditioned stimulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Conditioned Response (CR)

The learned response to a conditioned stimulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Acquisition

The process of learning an association between a conditioned stimulus and an unconditioned stimulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Extinction

The gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a conditioned response when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Spontaneous Recovery

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of rest.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Psychosocial Development

A theory that explains how people develop psychologically throughout their lives, focusing on the social and emotional challenges they face at different stages.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Stages of Psychosocial Development

A series of stages, each with its own unique psychological conflict that must be resolved for healthy development. Each stage builds upon the previous one.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Trust vs. Mistrust

The first stage of Erikson's theory, where infants develop a sense of trust or mistrust based on their caregivers' responsiveness to their needs.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

The second stage, where toddlers learn to be independent and assert their will, or they experience shame and doubt if their independence is stifled.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Initiative vs. Guilt

The third stage, where preschoolers learn initiative and purpose, or they experience guilt if they are overly controlled or discouraged.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Industry vs. Inferiority

The fourth stage, where children develop a sense of competence and achievement, or they experience inferiority if they feel inadequate.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Identity vs. Role Confusion

The fifth stage, where adolescents explore their identity, values, and beliefs, or they experience confusion and uncertainty about who they are.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Intimacy vs. Isolation

The sixth stage, where young adults develop intimate relationships and form commitments, or they experience isolation and loneliness.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Social Learning

Learning by observing and imitating others.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Positive Reinforcement

The process of strengthening a behavior by providing a rewarding stimulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Negative Reinforcement

The process of strengthening a behavior by removing an unpleasant stimulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Primary Reinforcement

A stimulus that is inherently rewarding, such as food or water.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Secondary Reinforcement

A stimulus that is associated with a primary reinforcer, such as money or praise.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Positive Punishment

The process of weakening a behavior by introducing an unpleasant stimulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Negative Punishment

The process of weakening a behavior by removing a pleasant stimulus.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Reinforcement Discrimination

The tendency for a learned behavior to occur only in the presence of specific stimuli.

Signup and view all the flashcards

Study Notes

AP Psychology Unit 3: Development and Learning

  • Key Topics Covered (Unit 3): Developmental psychology, physical development across lifespan, cognitive development across lifespan, social-emotional development across lifespan, classical conditioning, operant conditioning, and social cognitive learning.
  • Developmental Psychology: Enduring themes within development across lifespan, uses of developmental research design methods to inform understanding of behavior and mental processes.
  • Themes and Methods in Developmental Psychology: Includes concerns about development and/or thematic issues in development across the lifespan. This topic examines how various forces influence development. It also discusses how research design methods help understand behavior and mental processes.
  • Physical Development Across the Lifespan: Key milestones in physical development, including prenatal, infancy, childhood, adolescence, and adulthood. Influences on major physical and psychological milestones are explored, along with reflexes present in infants, and critical/sensitive periods of development. Examples are teratogens, maternal illness, and environmental factors.
  • Cognitive Development Across the Lifespan: Examine theories of cognitive development, such as Piaget's stages of cognitive development. Explore how cognitive development impacts behavior and mental processes, along with the role of continuous and discontinuous processes of children.
  • Social-Emotional Development Across the Lifespan: Study of the influence of the social environment on social development. Examples of social concepts are secure attachment, insecure attachment, attachment styles, peer relationship development, adult social development, and influences of parenting styles. Ecological systems theory concepts (Microsystem, Mesosystem, Exosystem, Macrosystem, Chronosystem) are also relevant.
  • Psychosocial Development (Erikson): Stage theory of psychosocial development, and psychosocial conflicts across lifespan. Adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) and their effect on development are considered.
  • Classical Conditioning: Focuses on learning through association and the role of the behavioral perspective. Key concepts include stimulus, response, unconditioned stimulus (UCS), unconditioned response (UCR), conditioned stimulus (CS), conditioned response (CR), acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, stimulus discrimination, stimulus generalization and higher order conditioning.
  • Operant Conditioning: Focuses on consequence-based learning. Key concepts involve reinforcement (positive and negative), punishment (positive and negative), primary and secondary reinforcement, shaping, successive approximations, instinctive drift, reinforcement schedules (continuous, partial, fixed interval, variable interval, fixed ratio, variable ratio), and learned helplessness.
  • Social, Cognitive, and Neurological Factors in Learning: Learn how social learning theory, vicarious learning, observational learning, modeling, latent learning, and insight learning impact behavior and mental processes.

Studying That Suits You

Use AI to generate personalized quizzes and flashcards to suit your learning preferences.

Quiz Team

Related Documents

AP Psychology Unit 3 Past Paper PDF

Description

Test your knowledge on developmental psychology with this quiz covering key themes and methods in development, physical, cognitive, and social-emotional growth across the lifespan. Explore how various forces influence development and learn about conditioning in psychology. Perfect for AP Psychology students preparing for exams.

More Like This

Use Quizgecko on...
Browser
Open
Browser
Browser