Podcast
Questions and Answers
What are the main parts of a neuron?
What are the main parts of a neuron?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in mood regulation and is also inhibitory?
Which neurotransmitter is primarily involved in mood regulation and is also inhibitory?
In the process of neurotransmitter action, what happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminal?
In the process of neurotransmitter action, what happens when the action potential reaches the axon terminal?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom of schizophrenia?
Which of the following is NOT a characteristic symptom of schizophrenia?
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What best describes the function of GABA in the nervous system?
What best describes the function of GABA in the nervous system?
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What is a common symptom of Major Depressive Disorder?
What is a common symptom of Major Depressive Disorder?
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In what way do synapses function in neural signaling?
In what way do synapses function in neural signaling?
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Which condition is characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression?
Which condition is characterized by alternating periods of mania and depression?
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What neurotransmitter is linked to reward and motivation?
What neurotransmitter is linked to reward and motivation?
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What is a potential contributing factor to the etiology of schizophrenia?
What is a potential contributing factor to the etiology of schizophrenia?
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What is the primary mechanism by which first-generation antipsychotics work?
What is the primary mechanism by which first-generation antipsychotics work?
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Which of the following is an example of a second-generation antipsychotic?
Which of the following is an example of a second-generation antipsychotic?
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Which adverse effect is characterized by muscle spasms occurring in hours to days?
Which adverse effect is characterized by muscle spasms occurring in hours to days?
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What is one of the risks associated with Clozapine that requires monitoring of blood cell counts?
What is one of the risks associated with Clozapine that requires monitoring of blood cell counts?
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What is a common early improvement symptom when starting antidepressants?
What is a common early improvement symptom when starting antidepressants?
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Which of the following statements about MAOIs is correct?
Which of the following statements about MAOIs is correct?
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What type of preparation is designed for patients struggling with adherence to antipsychotic medication?
What type of preparation is designed for patients struggling with adherence to antipsychotic medication?
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Which mood stabilizer is specifically noted for preventing relapse into mania?
Which mood stabilizer is specifically noted for preventing relapse into mania?
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Which potential complication should be carefully considered during pregnancy regarding medication?
Which potential complication should be carefully considered during pregnancy regarding medication?
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What is a common metabolic adverse effect associated with second-generation antipsychotics, particularly clozapine and olanzapine?
What is a common metabolic adverse effect associated with second-generation antipsychotics, particularly clozapine and olanzapine?
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Study Notes
First-Generation Antipsychotics (FGAs)
- Primarily work by blocking dopamine D2 receptors
- Less effective at treating negative symptoms
- Potential side effects include:
- Extrapyramidal side effects (EPS) such as akathisia, parkinsonism, dystonia, tardive dyskinesia
- Endocrine effects like galactorrhea, gynecomastia, menstrual irregularities
- Orthostatic hypotension, weight gain, sedation
- Neuroleptic malignant syndrome (NMS)
- Examples include: haloperidol, fluphenazine, chlorpromazine
Second-Generation Antipsychotics (SGAs)
- Primarily work by blocking both dopamine D2 and serotonin 5-HT2A receptors
- More effective at treating negative symptoms
- Fewer EPS than FGAs, but other side effects may occur
- Potential side effects include:
- Metabolic syndrome (weight gain, dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia)
- Increased risk of prolactin elevation
- Sedation
- Examples include: clozapine, risperidone, olanzapine, quetiapine
Antidepressants
- May take several weeks to see a noticeable effect
- Different classes target various neurotransmitters
- Potential side effects include:
- Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, sexual dysfunction
- Weight gain, dizziness, sedation
- Increased suicidal ideation (especially in children and adolescents)
- Examples include: SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors), SNRIs (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), tricyclic antidepressants, MAO inhibitors
Mood Stabilizers
- Used to treat and prevent mood swings
- Effectiveness varies per person
- Potential side effects include:
- Nausea, vomiting, tremor, weight gain
- Dry mouth, thirst, sleep disturbances
- Hypothyroidism, toxicity
- Examples include: lithium, divalproex sodium
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Description
This quiz explores the characteristics, effectiveness, and side effects of first-generation and second-generation antipsychotics, as well as a brief overview of antidepressants. Understand the differences between FGAs and SGAs, and how they impact treatment for various mental disorders. Test your knowledge on their mechanisms, examples, and associated risks.
