Podcast
Questions and Answers
What is the therapeutic window for lithium?
What is the therapeutic window for lithium?
Which drug may act through increasing GABA levels?
Which drug may act through increasing GABA levels?
What percentage of bipolar patients do not respond to lithium?
What percentage of bipolar patients do not respond to lithium?
Which anticonvulsant has a wider therapeutic window and faster onset than lithium?
Which anticonvulsant has a wider therapeutic window and faster onset than lithium?
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What is a common side effect of Valproic Acid?
What is a common side effect of Valproic Acid?
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Which drug can be used as a potentiating agent for antidepressants?
Which drug can be used as a potentiating agent for antidepressants?
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What is a potential deadly syndrome associated with the use of Valproic Acid?
What is a potential deadly syndrome associated with the use of Valproic Acid?
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Which drug doubles the concentration of lamotrigine?
Which drug doubles the concentration of lamotrigine?
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Which diuretic is usually the first choice for mild and moderate hypertension?
Which diuretic is usually the first choice for mild and moderate hypertension?
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Which diuretic is effective in renal failure?
Which diuretic is effective in renal failure?
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Which calcium channel blocker has additional uses in arrhythmias?
Which calcium channel blocker has additional uses in arrhythmias?
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Which calcium channel blocker is relatively selective for smooth muscle?
Which calcium channel blocker is relatively selective for smooth muscle?
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Which receptor do antipsychotic drugs primarily block?
Which receptor do antipsychotic drugs primarily block?
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Which of the following is a typical antipsychotic with a relatively 'clean' D2 antagonist profile?
Which of the following is a typical antipsychotic with a relatively 'clean' D2 antagonist profile?
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Which atypical antipsychotic is more efficacious but can cause dangerous blood dyscrasias in about 2% of patients?
Which atypical antipsychotic is more efficacious but can cause dangerous blood dyscrasias in about 2% of patients?
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Which drug is a partial dopamine agonist and is effective in treating schizophrenia and depression with a low incidence of side effects?
Which drug is a partial dopamine agonist and is effective in treating schizophrenia and depression with a low incidence of side effects?
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Which atypical antipsychotics are associated with significant side effects including metabolic syndrome and weight gain?
Which atypical antipsychotics are associated with significant side effects including metabolic syndrome and weight gain?
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Which of the following is becoming the standard against which other atypical antipsychotics are judged?
Which of the following is becoming the standard against which other atypical antipsychotics are judged?
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Which receptor does lithium carbonate bind with modest affinity?
Which receptor does lithium carbonate bind with modest affinity?
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What adverse effect is associated with lithium carbonate use?
What adverse effect is associated with lithium carbonate use?
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What combination can result in adverse effects such as mild cognitive impairment, edema, and weight gain?
What combination can result in adverse effects such as mild cognitive impairment, edema, and weight gain?
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What should be carefully monitored when using antipsychotic drugs and mood stabilizers?
What should be carefully monitored when using antipsychotic drugs and mood stabilizers?
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What can atypical antipsychotics and mood stabilizers cause due to their narrow therapeutic window?
What can atypical antipsychotics and mood stabilizers cause due to their narrow therapeutic window?
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What neurotransmitter systems can lithium carbonate have effects on?
What neurotransmitter systems can lithium carbonate have effects on?
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Which drug is approved for class II and III heart failure, resulting in decreased hospitalizations and all-cause mortality?
Which drug is approved for class II and III heart failure, resulting in decreased hospitalizations and all-cause mortality?
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Which adverse effect is common initially with beta-blockade use?
Which adverse effect is common initially with beta-blockade use?
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Which drug inhibits aldosterone effects on the collecting ducts and promotes hyperkalemia?
Which drug inhibits aldosterone effects on the collecting ducts and promotes hyperkalemia?
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What is the mechanism of action of cardiac glycosides like digoxin?
What is the mechanism of action of cardiac glycosides like digoxin?
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What are the oral mechanical effects of glycosides on the heart?
What are the oral mechanical effects of glycosides on the heart?
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What are the GI symptoms associated with digitalis intoxication?
What are the GI symptoms associated with digitalis intoxication?
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Which drug may have to be increased in the presence of fluid retention caused by beta-blockade?
Which drug may have to be increased in the presence of fluid retention caused by beta-blockade?
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What is the effect of elevated lab values in heart failure patients?
What is the effect of elevated lab values in heart failure patients?
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What is the primary electrical effect of glycosides on the AV node?
What is the primary electrical effect of glycosides on the AV node?
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Which drug is a nonselective beta-blocker with alpha1 blocking effect?
Which drug is a nonselective beta-blocker with alpha1 blocking effect?
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Which drug leads to enhanced Ca++ inside the cell by inhibiting the Na/K-ATPase?
Which drug leads to enhanced Ca++ inside the cell by inhibiting the Na/K-ATPase?
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Which drug has recently demonstrated improvement in mortality and morbidity in patients with severe (Class IV) heart failure?
Which drug has recently demonstrated improvement in mortality and morbidity in patients with severe (Class IV) heart failure?
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Which of the following drugs is contraindicated in pregnancy?
Which of the following drugs is contraindicated in pregnancy?
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Which drug is associated with drug-induced lupus syndrome?
Which drug is associated with drug-induced lupus syndrome?
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Which combination has been shown to decrease mortality in heart failure?
Which combination has been shown to decrease mortality in heart failure?
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Which drug is rapidly hydrolyzed to nitric oxide and cyanide?
Which drug is rapidly hydrolyzed to nitric oxide and cyanide?
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Which diuretic may be added if resistance occurs to loop diuretics in heart failure?
Which diuretic may be added if resistance occurs to loop diuretics in heart failure?
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Which drug is particularly important to monitor for hypokalemia in heart failure patients taking cardiac glycosides?
Which drug is particularly important to monitor for hypokalemia in heart failure patients taking cardiac glycosides?
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Which drug is useful in slowing the remodeling of the heart when heart failure is under control?
Which drug is useful in slowing the remodeling of the heart when heart failure is under control?
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Which drug class is known to elevate bradykinin and cause cough?
Which drug class is known to elevate bradykinin and cause cough?
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Which drug class is most effective when combined with venodilators?
Which drug class is most effective when combined with venodilators?
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Which drug is used intravenously in acute heart failure to decrease ventricular filling pressures?
Which drug is used intravenously in acute heart failure to decrease ventricular filling pressures?
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Which drug is associated with a significant danger of reducing cardiac output to intolerable levels in acute, decompensated stages of heart failure?
Which drug is associated with a significant danger of reducing cardiac output to intolerable levels in acute, decompensated stages of heart failure?
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Which drug combination is approved for heart failure patients who are intolerant of ACE inhibitors?
Which drug combination is approved for heart failure patients who are intolerant of ACE inhibitors?
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Which drug class works by blocking post-synaptic alpha1 receptors, leading to decreased sympathetic nervous system effects on vasculature?
Which drug class works by blocking post-synaptic alpha1 receptors, leading to decreased sympathetic nervous system effects on vasculature?
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Which drug class is being replaced by tamsulosin due to side effects such as increased risk for heart failure, first-dose hypotension, and fatigue?
Which drug class is being replaced by tamsulosin due to side effects such as increased risk for heart failure, first-dose hypotension, and fatigue?
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Which drug class has advantages such as being cheap and efficacious but is contraindicated in asthma and acute decompensated heart failure?
Which drug class has advantages such as being cheap and efficacious but is contraindicated in asthma and acute decompensated heart failure?
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Which drug class blocks the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leading to decreased preload and afterload and reduced blood pressure, with predictable and mild side effects but the potential for cough, skin rashes, and acute renal failure?
Which drug class blocks the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leading to decreased preload and afterload and reduced blood pressure, with predictable and mild side effects but the potential for cough, skin rashes, and acute renal failure?
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Which drug class dilates arterioles, decreases systemic vascular resistance, and may cause hypotension and side effects such as palpitations and headaches?
Which drug class dilates arterioles, decreases systemic vascular resistance, and may cause hypotension and side effects such as palpitations and headaches?
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Which drug is an arterial dilator and can cause excessive hypotension and cyanide/thiocyanate toxicity?
Which drug is an arterial dilator and can cause excessive hypotension and cyanide/thiocyanate toxicity?
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Which drug class reduces sympathetic outflow, with one causing dry mouth, sedation, fatigue, depression, and sexual dysfunction, and the other causing drowsiness and rebound hypertension?
Which drug class reduces sympathetic outflow, with one causing dry mouth, sedation, fatigue, depression, and sexual dysfunction, and the other causing drowsiness and rebound hypertension?
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Which drug class has effects on morbidity, relieving dyspnea and prolonging exercise tolerance, and mortality, decreasing the risk of death due to slowing of cardiac remodeling and disease progression?
Which drug class has effects on morbidity, relieving dyspnea and prolonging exercise tolerance, and mortality, decreasing the risk of death due to slowing of cardiac remodeling and disease progression?
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Which drug class is generally used in all patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, including those with no symptoms, and their improvement may take weeks to months?
Which drug class is generally used in all patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, including those with no symptoms, and their improvement may take weeks to months?
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Which drug class has adverse effects like dry, persistent cough, severe hypotension in hypovolemic patients, acute renal failure, and hyperkalemia?
Which drug class has adverse effects like dry, persistent cough, severe hypotension in hypovolemic patients, acute renal failure, and hyperkalemia?
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Which drug class is generally not used in acute heart failure?
Which drug class is generally not used in acute heart failure?
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Study Notes
Antihypertensive Drug Classes and Specific Drugs
- Alpha1 blockers like prazosin work by blocking post-synaptic alpha1 receptors, leading to decreased sympathetic nervous system (SNS) effects on vasculature, reducing preload and afterload, and decreasing blood pressure.
- Beta blockers, not first-line drugs, are used in combination with other classes and are useful in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), although they are being replaced by tamsulosin due to side effects such as increased risk for heart failure, first-dose hypotension, and fatigue.
- Non-selective beta-blockers like propranolol have advantages such as being cheap and efficacious but are contraindicated in asthma and acute decompensated heart failure and have adverse effects on glycogenolysis and recovery from hypoglycemia.
- ACE inhibitors like enalapril and ARBs like losartan block the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, leading to decreased preload and afterload and reduced blood pressure, with predictable and mild side effects but the potential for cough, skin rashes, and acute renal failure.
- Arteriolar vasodilators like hydralazine dilate arterioles, decrease systemic vascular resistance, and may cause hypotension and side effects such as palpitations and headaches.
- Minoxidil and nitroprusside are arterial dilators, while nitroglycerin and reserpine are venodilators; nitroprusside can cause excessive hypotension and cyanide/thiocyanate toxicity.
- Central acting drugs like methyldopa and clonidine reduce sympathetic outflow, with methyldopa causing dry mouth, sedation, fatigue, depression, and sexual dysfunction, while clonidine can cause drowsiness and rebound hypertension.
- ACE inhibitors and ARBs reduce the production of angiotensin II, leading to vasodilation, decreased response to sympathetics, and reduced preload, afterload, and mortality, and are used in heart failure to relieve dyspnea and prolong exercise tolerance, with adverse effects including dry cough, severe hypotension, and hyperkalemia.
- ACE inhibitors and ARBs also have effects on morbidity, relieving dyspnea and prolonging exercise tolerance, and mortality, decreasing the risk of death due to slowing of cardiac remodeling and disease progression.
- ACE inhibitors and ARBs are generally used in all patients with left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction, including those with no symptoms, and their improvement may take weeks to months.
- ACE inhibitors and ARBs have adverse effects like dry, persistent cough, severe hypotension in hypovolemic patients, acute renal failure, and hyperkalemia.
- ACE inhibitors and ARBs are generally not used in acute heart failure.
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Description
Test your knowledge of antihypertensive drug classes and specific drugs with this quiz. Explore the mechanisms of action, uses, and potential side effects of alpha1 blockers, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, ARBs, arteriolar vasodilators, arterial and venodilators, and central acting drugs.
