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Questions and Answers
Which drug is considered useful for promoting gastric emptying in a patient with a gastrostomy tube?
Which drug is considered useful for promoting gastric emptying in a patient with a gastrostomy tube?
Which drug, when applied to the skin in a transdermal patch, is used to prevent or reduce the occurrence of nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness?
Which drug, when applied to the skin in a transdermal patch, is used to prevent or reduce the occurrence of nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness?
Which receptor is found in the vestibular system?
Which receptor is found in the vestibular system?
A pregnant woman experiencing early morning sickness would benefit from which drug?
A pregnant woman experiencing early morning sickness would benefit from which drug?
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Which medical condition has glucocorticoids proved useful in treating?
Which medical condition has glucocorticoids proved useful in treating?
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What are the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of 5-HT3 antagonists?
What are the adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of 5-HT3 antagonists?
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Which drug class does Promethazine belong to?
Which drug class does Promethazine belong to?
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Which drug acts by blocking 5-HT3 receptors both centrally and peripherally?
Which drug acts by blocking 5-HT3 receptors both centrally and peripherally?
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Which drug is useful for preventing or reducing nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness by targeting H1-receptors?
Which drug is useful for preventing or reducing nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness by targeting H1-receptors?
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Which drug is considered a prokinetic agent that promotes gastric emptying?
Which drug is considered a prokinetic agent that promotes gastric emptying?
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Which class of antiemetic drugs is the only agonist drug, but not commonly used due to its side effects?
Which class of antiemetic drugs is the only agonist drug, but not commonly used due to its side effects?
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Which receptor do H1-receptor antagonists target to prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness?
Which receptor do H1-receptor antagonists target to prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting associated with motion sickness?
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Which receptor is located outside the blood-brain barrier and responds to signals from the blood?
Which receptor is located outside the blood-brain barrier and responds to signals from the blood?
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Which class of antiemetic drugs acts by blocking muscarinic receptors?
Which class of antiemetic drugs acts by blocking muscarinic receptors?
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Which antiemetic drug class includes drugs that block D2 receptors?
Which antiemetic drug class includes drugs that block D2 receptors?
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Which drug is used to prevent moderate to severe emesis, especially in chemotherapy patients, by blocking 5-HT3 receptors?
Which drug is used to prevent moderate to severe emesis, especially in chemotherapy patients, by blocking 5-HT3 receptors?
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Which drug acts by blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and has side effects including extrapyramidal symptoms and sedation?
Which drug acts by blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone and has side effects including extrapyramidal symptoms and sedation?
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Which class of antiemetic drugs is used to prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting by targeting $5-HT3$ receptors?
Which class of antiemetic drugs is used to prevent or reduce nausea and vomiting by targeting $5-HT3$ receptors?
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Which drug is a glucocorticoid that potentiates the effect of antiemetic drugs and is used in chemotherapy-induced vomiting, with side effects including hypertension and hyperglycemia?
Which drug is a glucocorticoid that potentiates the effect of antiemetic drugs and is used in chemotherapy-induced vomiting, with side effects including hypertension and hyperglycemia?
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Which antiemetic drug class includes selective drugs that can be used according to the cause of vomiting?
Which antiemetic drug class includes selective drugs that can be used according to the cause of vomiting?
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Which class of antiemetic drugs is associated with the risk of metabolic alkalosis due to loss of H+?
Which class of antiemetic drugs is associated with the risk of metabolic alkalosis due to loss of H+?
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Which drug reduces impulses from the vestibular apparatus by blocking muscarinic receptors and is used to treat motion sickness as transdermal patches?
Which drug reduces impulses from the vestibular apparatus by blocking muscarinic receptors and is used to treat motion sickness as transdermal patches?
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Which antiemetic drug class is known for its use in preventing aspiration pneumonia?
Which antiemetic drug class is known for its use in preventing aspiration pneumonia?
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Which drug acts centrally by blocking neurokinin 1 receptors in vagal afferent fibers in the solitary tract nucleus and area postrema, and is used in prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting?
Which drug acts centrally by blocking neurokinin 1 receptors in vagal afferent fibers in the solitary tract nucleus and area postrema, and is used in prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting?
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Which class of antiemetic drugs can lead to electrolyte depletion as a consequence of severe vomiting?
Which class of antiemetic drugs can lead to electrolyte depletion as a consequence of severe vomiting?
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Which antiemetic drug class is useful for promoting gastric emptying in a patient with a gastrostomy tube?
Which antiemetic drug class is useful for promoting gastric emptying in a patient with a gastrostomy tube?
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Study Notes
- Glucocorticoids treat inflammation and enhance the effects of antiemetic drugs by suppressing substances that cause vomiting and potentiating their action.
- Vomiting can be induced by various signals, including stimulation of the chemoreceptor trigger zone (CTZ) in the medulla.
- CTZ is outside the blood-brain barrier and responds to signals from the blood. Receptors involved in vomiting include D2 receptors, 5-HT3 receptors, opioid receptors, Substance P receptors, and histamine H1 receptors.
- Vomiting can be induced by various stimuli, including emetogenic drugs, chemicals, toxins, radiation, chemotherapy, motion sickness, emotional factors, and gastrointestinal irritation.
- 5-HT3 antagonists, such as granisetron and ondansetron, act by blocking 5-HT3 receptors in the vomiting center, peripherally, and centrally. They have a long duration of action and are used to prevent moderate to severe emesis, especially in chemotherapy patients.
- Glucocorticoids, such as dexamethasone and methylprednisolone, potentiate the effect of antiemetic drugs and are used in chemotherapy-induced vomiting. They have side effects including hypertension, hyperglycemia, cataracts, osteoporosis, increased intraocular pressure, increased susceptibility to infection, increased appetite, and obesity.
- Prokinetics, such as domperidone and metoclopramide, increase upper gastrointestinal motility and gastric emptying, which can decrease stimulation of the vomiting center. They have both prokinetic and antiemetic effects and are used to treat gastroesophageal reflux disease, gastric paralysis, and vomiting due to cytotoxic drugs, gastroenteritis, surgery, toxins, uremia, and radiation.
- Antipsychotics, such as chlorpromazine and droperidol, have antiemetic effects by blocking dopamine D2 receptors in the chemoreceptor trigger zone. They have side effects including extrapyramidal symptoms, sedation, postural hypotension, and drowsiness.
- Neurokinin-1 receptor antagonists, such as aprepitant, act centrally by blocking neurokinin 1 receptors in vagal afferent fibers in the solitary tract nucleus and area postrema. They are used in prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting and post-operative nausea and vomiting.
- H1 receptor antagonists, such as diphenhydramine, promethazine, meclizine, and cyclizine, are used to treat motion sickness and morning sickness in pregnancy. They have side effects including sedation, hypotension, and anticholinergic effects.
- Muscarinic receptor antagonists, such as hyoscine (scopolamine), reduce impulses from the vestibular apparatus by blocking muscarinic receptors. They are used to treat motion sickness as transdermal patches.
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Description
Test your knowledge on antiemetic drugs by identifying different drug classes, understanding their mechanisms of action, and recognizing selective drugs for specific causes of vomiting.
