Pharma prep for midterm (W6)

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Questions and Answers

What is the primary mechanism of action of antiviral drugs?

Killing the virus outright

Blocking viral replication (correct)

Enhancing the host's immune response

Inhibiting viral transmission between hosts

Which antiviral drug is specifically effective against influenza A and B?

Acyclovir

Amantadine

Zanamivir

Oseltamivir - combination drug (correct)

What is a contraindication of the antiviral drug Amantadine?

Children under 12 months (correct)

lactating women (correct)

eczematous rash (correct)

Pregnant women

Which enzymes do antiretroviral drugs target in treating HIV infections?

Reverse transcriptase and integrase Signup and view all the answers

What adverse effect is specifically associated with vancomycin when administered too quickly?

Red man syndrome & nephrotoxicity Signup and view all the answers

Why is monitoring blood levels important when using certain antibiotics?

To prevent toxicity and ensure therapeutic levels Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is primarily associated with nephrotoxicity and ototoxicity?

Aminoglycosides Signup and view all the answers

What should be assessed before starting antibiotic therapy?

culture & labs: Renal, liver, and cardiac function Signup and view all the answers

What is a common gastrointestinal side effect of antibiotics?

diarrhea Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic is widely used to treat abdominal and gynecological infections?

Metronidazole Signup and view all the answers

What precaution should be taken when taking certain antibiotics with food?

Take with at least 180 mL of water and food Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following antibiotics is used primarily to treat urinary tract infections?

Nitrofurantoin & Sulfonamides Signup and view all the answers

What are potential side effects associated with sulfonamides?

Photosensitivity Signup and view all the answers

Which mechanism describes how sulfonamides inhibit bacteria?

Blocking folate synthesis - bactericidal Signup and view all the answers

What specific patient groups should use caution with sulfonamides?

Pregnant women Signup and view all the answers

What is a serious potential side effect of fluoroquinolones related to connective tissues?

Tendonitis/rupture Signup and view all the answers

What mechanism does Nitrofurantoin use to disrupt bacterial activity?

Disrupts bacterial wall and interferes with metabolism - bactriocidal Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a contraindication for the use of Nitrofurantoin?

Severe renal impairment Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the action of fluoroquinolones on bacterial cells?

Disruption of DNA function Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary mechanism of action for aminoglycosides?

Disrupting bacterial cell wall synthesis Signup and view all the answers

Which infection is specifically indicated for treatment with azithromycin a Macrolide?

STDs Signup and view all the answers

What should be done to minimize gastrointestinal upset when taking Nitrofurantoin?

Take it with food or milk Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following drugs is used for treatment of C. diff diarrhea?

Fidaxomicin (Macrolide) & Vanco Signup and view all the answers

Which type of bacteria are aminoglycosides particularly effective against?

Gram-negative bacteria Signup and view all the answers

Which antibiotic class is known as the only one to be bacteriostatic?

Microlides Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Antibacterial Drugs

Macrolides are a class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial protein synthesis.
Macrolides are effective for treating infections caused by streptococci, including STDs.
Macrolides are known to have potential adverse effects such as neurotoxicity, GI effects, cardiac arrhythmias.
Erythromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin (known as "roza") are common macrolides.
Fidaxomicin (Dificid) is a macrolide antibiotic specifically used to treat C. diff diarrhea. It has a narrow spectrum of activity and is a newer drug.
Aminoglycosides are a class of antibiotics that disrupt bacterial cell wall synthesis and protein growth. They are very potent but dangerous.
Aminoglycosides are effective for treating serious infections, mostly Gram-negative bacteria.
**Aminoglycosides ** have an adverse effect of nephrotoxicity (5-25% of patients) and ototoxicity.
Aminoglycosides are administered intravenously or intramuscularly, as they have poor oral absorption.
Gentamicin, streptomycin, amikacin are common aminoglycosides
Sulfonamides are a class of antibiotics that inhibit bacterial growth by interfering with folate synthesis.
Sulfonamides are used to treat UTIs and are known as a broad-spectrum antibiotic.
Sulfonamides have a potential adverse effect of allergic reactions, hematological issues, photosensitivity, and gastrointestinal issues.
Sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim (Septra) is a common combination medication containing sulfonamides
Fluoroquinolones are a class of antibiotics that alter bacterial DNA and interfere with cellular growth.
Fluoroquinolones are used to treat complicated UTIs, respiratory infections, and have a wide spectrum of activity.
Fluoroquinolones have a potential adverse effect of photosensitivity, tendonitis/rupture.
Ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, moxifloxacin are common fluoroquinolones
Vancomycin hydrochloride (Vancomycin) is an antibiotic that is bactericidal by binding to the bacterial cell wall and destroying it.
Vancomycin is a treatment of choice for MRSA and antibiotic-induced colitis (C difficile).
Vancomycin has several monitoring points that need to be considered, including nephrotoxicity and the “red-man” syndrome. It is often used for IV doses.
Nitrofurantoin (MacroBID) is an antibiotic that disrupts bacterial cell walls and interferes with bacterial metabolism.
Nitrofurantoin is primarily used to treat urinary tract infections(UTIs).
Nitrofurantoin should not be administered to patients with severe renal impairment as the kidneys are unable to excrete it. Adverse effects include GI pain, dizziness, headache, skin reactions, and very rare fatal hepatotoxicity.
Nitrofurantoin may increase toxicity of other medications such Lithium, Benzodiazepines, Cyclosporine, Calcium Channel Blockers, and Warfarin.
Nitrofurantoin should be taken with food or milk to minimize gastrointestinal upset.

Antiviral Drugs

Antiviral drugs can be categorized into two groups: non-HIV and HIV.
Non-HIV antiviral drugs are used to treat infections caused by viruses such as influenza, herpes, cytomegalovirus (CMV), and hepatitis.
HIV antiviral drugs are used to treat infections caused by HIV, which is the virus that causes AIDS.
Antiviral drugs mainly inhibit viral replication to fight infection.
The adverse effects of antiviral drugs vary, but they commonly include potential damage to healthy cells.
Amantadine is a non-HIV antiviral drug used to treat influenza A but is no longer recommended due to resistance. Common adverse effects include CNS, GI, and CV issues.
Acyclovir (Zovirax) is a synthetic antiviral drug used to treat HSV 1, HSV 2, and VZV. It is available in oral, topical, and parenteral forms.
Oseltamivir (Tamiflu) and Zanamivir (Relenza) are antiviral medications effective against influenza A and B. They can reduce the duration of the infection.
Treatment with oseltamivir or zanamivir should begin within 2 days of the onset of influenza symptoms.
Oseltamivir phosphate is administered orally and can cause nausea and vomiting.
Zanamivir is an inhaled medication that can cause nausea, diarrhea, and sinusitis.
Antiretroviral drugs are used to treat HIV infections. They target enzymes involved in viral replication.
Retroviruses use reverse transcriptase to create complementary DNA which is incorporated into the host's DNA through integrase.