138 Questions
What is the minimal number of individuals (MNI) in a grave determined by?
The largest number of a particular bone
What does the taphonomic process refer to?
Actions after the death of an individual
Who concluded that cranial morphology is influenced by the environment, geography, and socio-economics?
Boas
What did Gall's work lead to in bioarchaeology?
Creation of ape to man diagram
What are the key concepts studied in Bioarchaeology?
Interdisciplinary nature and taphonomic processes
What major shift did Tiedemann contribute to in archaeology studies?
Focus on global studies rather than localized ones
What is the role of osteoblasts in bone tissue?
Form new bone tissue
Which cells are responsible for bone resorption and remodelling?
Osteoclasts
What do Harris lines indicate in bone development?
Temporary growth arrest
What does linear enamel hypoplasia signify during tooth development?
Stress periods affecting enamel formation
In what condition does hyperostosis, or excessive bone growth, occur?
DISH
What characterizes degenerative joint disease like osteoarthritis?
Breakdown of cartilage in joints
What condition may stimulate the body's bone-forming processes, leading to osteophytosis or bone spurs?
Chronic inflammation in response to infection or certain types of anemia
Where is lead poisoning usually seen on scans, indicating larger ossifications?
At the base of teeth
What phenomenon is associated with fluoride poisoning and can result in a heavier skeleton over time?
Increase in bone mass and calcification
What is the main responsibility of an anthropologist in relation to archeological remains?
Ensuring safe excavation practices and filling record forms
What is the significance of Harris lines in bones?
They show growth restart and are related to cartilage ossification
Which condition is associated with porotic syndrome?
Genetic factors or anaemia
What task is essential for a medical professional or pathologist in relation to osteological tissues?
Finding nosology of diseases and preventing paleopathomimicry
What is the focus of a bioanthropologist's job?
Understanding anatomical variations between humans and populations
What is the role of stress in bone pathology according to the text?
Can be a cause of osteophytosis
What tool is typically used during archeological excavation to handle remains?
Wood, brushes, and towels
When should bones be moved during an excavation?
Until the last minute, unless necessary for measurements
What is a key step in ensuring proper handling of excavated remains?
Measuring the elevation at which bones were found in the earth
What are the criteria of a 'scientific' discipline as mentioned in the text?
Objective observation of facts, systemization of tasks, reproducibility, refutability in peer reviewed databases, and a solid demonstration of theory
What is the difference between semiology and etiology according to the text?
Semiology is the study of symptoms, while etiology is the study of how those symptoms appear and are caused
What do direct primary sources refer to in paleopathology?
Ancient biological remains preserved through natural means or embalming with detailed funerary treatment
What characterizes a frozen image of a skeleton and soft tissue from direct primary sources in paleopathology?
Preservation through cold, peat bog biotopes, anaerobic environments, or highly dried environments
What do indirect primary sources refer to in paleopathology?
Environmental remains that influence the preservation of ancient biological remains
What distinguishes secondary sources from primary sources in paleopathology?
Secondary sources are textual or iconographic, while primary sources include direct ancient biological remains and environmental remains.
S.G.Morton believed intelligence was inversely related to cranial capacity.
False
C.Linné classified humans based on physical traits and geographical origin.
True
Traceology focuses on the study of tool use in archaeological remains.
False
Trauma reproduction involves replicating past events to determine the origin of a trace.
True
The first period of archaeology in the 17th century aimed to promote racial equality.
False
Mitochondrial DNA can be used for DNA comparison without needing a maternal sample.
False
Epidemiological transition refers to important modifications of health and pathological models that mainly impact men and the elderly.
False
Ancient diseases like TB have completely disappeared from modern populations due to efficient vaccination programs.
False
Lead poisoning typically results in lighter skeletons over time due to increased bone resorption.
False
The appearance of ancient diseases like Yersinia pestis in human populations is often due to mutations in animals that are not fatal to them.
True
The concept of modernization has had a major impact on epidemiological transitions in developing countries.
True
Tiedemann concluded that there were significant differences between populations, justifying categorizations based on skeletal measurements.
False
Paleopathology focuses on the study of diseases that are now extinct and cannot be demonstrated in human remains.
False
Bioanthropologists focus on understanding anatomical variation between humans and populations, as well as variations during growth and aging.
True
Actualism in paleopathology assumes that disease processes of the past are completely different from modern diseases.
False
Paleoepidemiology involves combining the frequency or variation of a disease with the geographical distribution of that disease.
False
Harris lines in bone development indicate optimal health and nutrition during childhood.
False
Osteoblasts are responsible for bone resorption and remodeling in bone tissue.
False
An anthropologist's job involves providing special care for archeological remains by implementing aggressive excavation techniques.
False
During the post-WWII period, there was a decrease in births known as a 'baby bust' phenomenon.
False
Medical professionals/pathologists in the field of paleopathology focus on understanding osteological tissue conditions but do not translate them into syndromes.
False
During excavation, it is recommended to leave bones in place until the last minute, unless there is a need to move them to take measurements.
True
Bagging, tagging, and taking measurements are essential steps during the excavation process to ensure proper labeling and data collection.
True
The elevation at which an archeological finding was discovered does not need to be recorded as it does not provide relevant information.
False
Pseudo-arthrosis refers to the presence of consolidation, similar to a fracture that never healed.
False
Viscous callus acts as a temporary scaffold that bridges the fracture gap and stabilizes the bone during the natural healing process.
True
Secondary arthrosis is caused by primary infection due to an open fracture.
False
Osteomyelitis leads to bone growth around the infection, creating a hole and causing internal pus buildup.
True
Interpersonal violence includes examples like war and genocide, while cultural deformation involves amputations and trepanation.
True
Foot binding is an example of cultural practice resulting in direct deformation of bones.
False
Semiology in paleopathology refers to the study of how symptoms appear and are caused.
False
Primary sources in paleopathology may include embalmed mummies with information about their lives.
True
Integrative paleopathology integrates evolutionary perspectives with One Medicine/One Health approaches for a comprehensive narrative of the past.
True
Secondary sources in paleopathology are always textual in nature.
False
Integrative paleopathology does not advocate for a global and environmental inquiry characteristic of veterinary science.
False
Recording forms used in paleopathology are typically premade and do not implement color coordination on site.
False
Paleopathology focuses on studying diseases that are still prevalent in modern populations.
False
Paleoepidemiology involves analyzing the geographical distribution of diseases based on skeletal remains.
True
In paleopathology, the recording form is usually in surgical positioning R>L.
True
The study of both faunal and human remains is not required in integrative paleopathology.
False
Linear enamel hypoplasia during tooth development indicates optimal health and nutrition during childhood.
False
Integrative paleopathology offers a less contextualized approach compared to human biomedicine strategies.
False
Osteoclasts are responsible for making bones.
False
Lamellar compact bone forms the inner layer of bones.
False
Spongy bone is found in the outer layers of all bones.
False
Woven bone is a mature, organized bone tissue.
False
Primary ossification occurs in epiphysis to adjust the length of bones.
False
Aminos make a triple helix structure of collagen (tropocollagen) that gets ossified by mineral proteins.
True
Harris lines indicate normal growth variations and are not related to stress or malnutrition.
False
Linear Enamel Hypoplasia remains visible throughout life due to the remodelling nature of teeth.
False
Enamel defects and Harris lines show a similar distribution by age according to the study.
False
Linear Enamel Hypoplasia manifests as dots or bumps on teeth during the first 7 years of life.
False
Stressful conditions are consistently linked to the formation of Harris lines in bone development.
False
Assessing age at death in adult skeletal remains provides accurate estimates of biological and chronological age.
False
Harris lines do not signify any temporary interruptions in bone development.
True
Osteoporosis patterns in past communities were significantly different from those in modern populations.
False
Linear Enamel Hypoplasia is a poor indicator of periods of stress or malnutrition during critical growth phases.
False
Arthrosis is commonly known as a primary idiopathic joint disease.
True
Direct deformation of bones includes examples like amputations and trepanation.
False
Linear enamel hypoplasia indicates suboptimal health and nutrition during childhood.
False
Zygomatic bone under eyes are larger for ______ because there are larger muscles to be attached.
men
Pelvis: hips larger for females to support pregnancy and the expansion of the ______ canal.
birth
Skull: Males have a bump between the eyes called labella, a large mastoid process, and larger chin compared to ______.
females
At 15, there are many inconsistencies so hard to say. The last bone fusion is at 25, at the back of skull (not to get confused with cranial ______).
fusion
Determining the age at death for adults: teeth, skull, pelvic, ribs, ______.
microbiology
The infant skull is not fused, called ______.
fontanelles
The science of disease involves studying the ______, aetiology, pathogeny, and nosology of the pathology.
semiology
Imaging techniques in paleopathology include CT scans, microCTs, MRIs, and analytical molecular techniques like studies on aDNA and ______ analysis.
proteomic
In paleopathology, the role of stress in bone pathology is significant as stressful conditions are consistently linked to the formation of ______ in bone development.
Harris lines
Integrative paleopathology integrates evolutionary perspectives with One Medicine/One Health approaches for a comprehensive narrative of the ______.
past
Bagging, tagging, and taking measurements are essential steps during the excavation process to ensure proper labeling and ______ collection.
data
Medical professionals/pathologists in the field of paleopathology focus on understanding osteological tissue conditions and translating them into ______.
syndromes
Yersinia pestis from rodent. Didn’t affect rodent, but transmitted to humans, killing 1/3 of European population. This is an example of an ancient disease __________.
reemergence
During WWII, many deaths, but post-WWII there was an explosion of births (baby boom). This is an example of the principle of mortality as a fundamental factor of population __________.
dynamics
Some diseases are symptomatic in animals, but when contracted by humans, mutate and become fatal and impossible for the immune system to fight without advanced treatment options. This highlights the importance of understanding __________ analysis.
diachronic
Epidemiological transition involves important modifications of health and pathological models of transmission among individuals, mainly women and children, which reduces the reproduction potential. This transition is linked to demographic and socio-economic __________.
change
Developed countries had a major epidemiological transition due to the concept of __________.
modernization
Transition is the prevailing reason that death in a society becomes a consequence of aging disease rather than infectious disease. This refers to the principle of mortality as a fundamental factor of population __________.
dynamics
Lesions are only visible in ______ populations.
resistant
An analysis of AOD across a population can reveal its resilience; a predominance of young individuals in burials might indicate a population that was more susceptible or weaker to certain stressors or diseases, reflecting on their overall health and ______ levels.
resistance
If a high percentage of lesions are found in a sample, the population which survived long enough is in a good ______ state.
health
Catastrophic events might be inferred from mass burials, suggesting a sudden, widespread impact on a ______.
population
Four basic abnormalities that occur in the skeleton are abnormal size, abnormal shape, abnormal bone formation, and abnormal absence of ______.
bone
Linear Enamel Hypoplasia manifests as dots or bumps on teeth during the first 7 years of ______.
life
Greenstick fracture: caused by flexion and occurs because immature bone is largely composed of ________.
collagen
Buckle fracture: caused by compression that compresses bone internally. End up getting secondary arthrosis and signs of ________.
osteophytosis
Impaction fracture: compression in the spongy part of the bone. Bone gets punched into a socket; needs surgery to be ________.
resolved
Torsion: twisting forces in opposite directions.- Flexion: forces in the same direction.- Shearing: perpendicular and opposite forces to the bone axis.- Transversal fracture: direct and horizontal impact due to fall or sharp object.- Special case for stress fracture and rickets fracture.- On scan: see cut perpendicular to bone axis, as well as calluses when bone heals (spurs).- Spiral/oblique fracture: oblique fractures involved flexion and rotation and usually it resembles a spiral fracture, though it is not; spiral fractures involve torsion which turns bone at an angle.- Penetrating fracture: “star scar” on skull and comminuted scar on the rest of the skeleton resulting in several bone fragments.- Some of these fragments can dislodge and clog vessels in the body causing further damage.- Crush fracture: direct impact or compression by a heavy blunt object.- A common example is BFT that is achieved using a blunt object.- Greenstick fracture: caused by flexion and occurs because immature bone is largely composed of collagen.So get ______ fracture.- Buckle fracture: caused by compression that compresses bone internally.- End up getting secondary arthrosis and signs of osteophytosis.- Impaction fracture: compression in the spongy part of the bone.Bone gets punched into a socket; needs surgery to be resolved.- Tearing o : removal of the bone at the muscle insertion site. 19.
half
Crush fracture: direct impact or compression by a heavy blunt object.- A common example is BFT that is achieved using a blunt object.- Greenstick fracture: caused by flexion and occurs because immature bone is largely composed of collagen.So get ________ fracture.
half
Buckle fracture: caused by compression that compresses bone internally.- End up getting secondary ________ and signs of osteophytosis.
arthrosis
Match the following terms with their correct definitions:
Primary degenerative joint diseases = Old individuals or postmenopausal women Secondary degenerative joint diseases = Extended immobilization and decrease of muscle activities Osteomyelitis = Infection of the bone or bone marrow Epidemiological transition = Modifications in health and pathological models affecting different age groups
Match the following descriptions with the appropriate term:
Decrease of OB activity and vitamin D synthesis = Causes of osteoporosis Incomplete mineralization of bone linked to sex hormone imbalance = Definition of osteomyelitis Broad category including inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases = Arthritis Articular or biomechanical problems affecting spine, knee, hip, and hand = Primary degenerative joint diseases
Match the following statements with their correct category:
Decrease of muscle activities or medicinal intake = Secondary degenerative joint diseases Old individuals or postmenopausal women = Primary degenerative joint diseases Less frequent and due to articular or biomechanical problems = Secondary degenerative joint diseases
Match the following terms with their proper characteristics:
Osteomyelitis = Infection of the bone or bone marrow Osteoporosis = Decrease of bone mass and alteration of microarchitecture Epidemiological transition = Modifications in health and pathological models affecting different age groups Arthritis = Broad category including inflammatory and degenerative joint diseases
Match the following causes with the respective disease:
Decrease of OB activity and vitamin D synthesis = Osteoporosis Increase of osteo-formation and bone spurs = Arthritis Infection of the bone or bone marrow = Osteomyelitis Extended immobilization and decrease of muscle activities = Secondary degenerative joint diseases
Match the following terms with their appropriate impact:
Primary degenerative joint diseases = Affect spine, knee, hip, and hand Secondary degenerative joint diseases = Affect elbow, wrist, ankle, and foot Osteomyelitis = Molecular decrease in OB activity and vitamin D synthesis Epidemiological transition = Demographic and socio-economic modifications in health models
Match the bone condition with its description:
Osteoporosis = Decreased bone density leading to fragile bones and increased risk of fractures Pseudo-arthrosis = A false joint formed at the site of a fracture that fails to heal properly Vicious callus = An excessive, misaligned bone growth at the site of a fracture Secondary arthrosis = Degenerative joint disease resulting from a previous injury or condition
Match the osteological term with its definition:
Osteomyelitis = Infection of the bone leading to bone growth around the infection and pus buildup Paleotraumatology = Study of population exposure to unintentional and intentional traumas Pseudo-arthrosis = Formation of a false joint at the site of a fracture Vicious callus = Excessive and misaligned bone growth at a fracture site
Match the bone pathology with its characteristics:
Primary arthrosis = Degenerative joint disease that occurs without any known prior injury or condition Secondary arthrosis = Joint degeneration resulting from a previous injury or condition Pseudo-arthrosis = Formation of a false joint at the site of a fracture Vicious callus = Excessive bone growth at a fracture site causing misalignment
Match the concept with its definition:
Epidemiological transition = Important modifications in health models and disease transmission linked to demographic and socio-economic changes Balance and change in pathocenosis concept = Study of species appearing and disappearing, affecting disease frequency and distribution based on environmental factors and human activity Diachronic changes in pathocenosis = Study of population changes over multiple years Synchronic changes in pathocenosis = Study of population changes at the same period in different populations
Match the bone condition with its characteristic:
Osteomyelitis = Infection leading to bone growth around the infection site and pus buildup Secondary arthrosis = Degenerative joint disease arising from a previous injury or condition Paleotraumatology = Study of population exposure to various unintentional and intentional traumas Vicious callus = Excessive and misaligned bone growth at a fracture site
Match the term related to joint diseases with its description:
Primary arthrosis = Degenerative joint disease occurring without any known prior injury or condition Secondary arthrosis = Joint degeneration resulting from a previous injury or condition Pseudo-arthrosis = Formation of a false joint at the site of a fracture Vicious callus = Excessive bone growth at a fracture site causing misalignment
Match the following terms with their correct description:
Primary ossification = Begins in the diaphysis of long bones Secondary ossification = Begins in the epiphysis of long bones Osteomyelitis = Infection of bone or bone marrow Hyperostosis = Excessive bone growth due to metabolic disorder
Match the following terms with their correct definition:
Degenerative joint diseases = Conditions that cause progressive damage to joints and surrounding tissues Osteopenia = Normal loss of bone mass with age Disk Idiopathic Skeletal Hyperostosis (DISH) = Calcifying pathology linked to metabolic disorder Bursitis = Inflammation of fluid-filled sacs near joints
Match the following terms with their characteristics:
Epidemiological transition = Shift from high mortality and fertility rates to low mortality and fertility rates Linear Enamel Hypoplasia = Visible indication of childhood health and nutrition on teeth Ossifying Myositis = Abnormal bone formation within muscles post-injury or inflammation Pseudo-arthrosis = Presence of consolidation similar to a non-healed fracture
Match the following terms with their features:
Direct trauma = Immediate impact leading to bone injury Indirect trauma = Resulting from force transmitted through tissues without direct impact on the bone Harris lines = Indicate periods of stress or malnutrition during childhood growth Micro vs Macro-trauma = Distinguish between small-scale and large-scale bone injuries
Match the following terms with their related context:
Compact bone thickness increase = Criteria for hyperostosis recognition Thicker cortical layer on scan = Characteristic of hyperostosis on imaging Osteophytes and DISH in spine = Common signs of hyperostosis Thicker ligament and muscle insertions = New bone formation in hyperostosis
Match the following terms with their respective conditions:
Stiffness and pain in muscles = Ossifying Myositis Swelling and restricted movement near joints = Bursitis Bone growth around infection leading to pus buildup = Osteomyelitis Excessive new bone formation due to metabolic disorder = Hyperostosis
Explore the distinct roles of anthropologists and bioanthropologists in the field, from ensuring care of archaeological remains to analyzing anatomical variations among human populations. Learn about excavation techniques, data collection methods, and conservation practices.
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