Animal Welfare Act Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What specific event prompted the creation of the Animal Welfare Act of 1966?

A Supreme Court decision regarding animal research.

A series of congressional hearings on animal rights.

The establishment of the USDA's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service.

A Life Magazine expose article detailing the mistreatment of animals. (correct)

Which of the following is NOT a minimum standard of care mandated by the Animal Welfare Act?

Regular exercise and social interaction for animals. (correct)

Provision of sufficient food and water.

Access to veterinary care.

Adequate housing and sanitation.

Which agency is responsible for enforcing the Animal Welfare Act?

The Food and Drug Administration (FDA).

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).

The Department of Health and Human Services (HHS).

The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA). (correct)

What are the potential enforcement actions that APHIS can take for violations of the Animal Welfare Act?

Fines, suspension of license, and confiscation of animals. Signup and view all the answers

Which groups of animals are specifically EXCLUDED from Animal Welfare Act protection?

Farm animals used for food and fiber and rats of the genus Rattus. Signup and view all the answers

The Animal Welfare Act was amended how many times?

Which of the following best describes how the Animal Welfare Act is related to other animal-related regulations?

It serves as the minimum acceptable standard. Signup and view all the answers

What type of inspections are conducted to ensure compliance with the Animal Welfare Act?

Unannounced inspections. Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided content, what is the relationship between 'evil' and 'good'?

Evil is a concept that exists in opposition to God's goodness. Signup and view all the answers

What is the principal argument presented in favor of animal research?

Animal research is crucial for advancing medical knowledge and preventing suffering. Signup and view all the answers

What fundamental questions should be asked when considering the use of animals in research?

Is the use beneficial, and if so, are some uses still unacceptable? Signup and view all the answers

What influences public opinion about animal rights?

The perceived benefits of the research being done. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the content, what does the concept of 'God being extremely good' imply?

God's extreme goodness is highlighted by acts of human rebellion against it. Signup and view all the answers

According to the content, which of the following statements is most strongly supported?

Animal research has contributed to major medical advancements for both humans and animals. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main reason why animal models are used in biomedical research?

They allow scientists to study diseases and test treatments before they are used on humans. Signup and view all the answers

If animal use provides a benefit, what question should still be asked about the use of animals according to the material?

Are some uses of animals unacceptable despite the beneficial outcome? Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary impact of the overturned convictions in the Taub case regarding animal research?

It resulted in the creation of a 1985 amendment to the Animal Welfare Act and the emergence of national animal rights groups. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of an Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee (IACUC) in the context of animal research?

To ensure proposed research protocols align with ethical guidelines and promote animal welfare. Signup and view all the answers

Following an IACUC approval, what is the frequency of a complete protocol review?

Every three years. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following best describes the role of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS) in the supervision of animal research?

Providing oversight for animals used in research and is an arm of the USDA. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the 3 R's is best exemplified by using an invertebrate, like a zebrafish, instead of a mammal, such as a mouse, in a research study?

Replacement. Signup and view all the answers

What is the main purpose of the 'Refinement' principle within the 3 R's used in animal research?

To minimize the pain and suffering of animals used in research. Signup and view all the answers

What action can an IACUC take if they identify an ongoing animal research activity that violates welfare standards?

They are required to halt the research and can suspend the activity. Signup and view all the answers

According to the provided information, what key action must be completed by all personnel before they are allowed to work on experimental procedures with animals?

Receive specific training. Signup and view all the answers

What is a key distinction between vaccine testing and cosmetic testing, according to the content?

The content does not directly compare vaccine and cosmetic testing. Signup and view all the answers

The philosophical viewpoint of utilitarianism, in the context of animal rights, suggests which of the following?

Animals are here for human use and their value is determined by their usefulness to humans. Signup and view all the answers

What must happen for a species to be delisted from the endangered species list?

The species must successfully recover and no longer meet listing criteria. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT one of the five criteria for listing a species under the Endangered Species Act?

High human consumption of animal products. Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of the 'Cruelty to Animals Act' of 1876?

Establishing ethical requirements for animal experimentation in the United Kingdom. Signup and view all the answers

What was a significant factor in the delisting of bald eagles under the Endangered Species Act?

Banning of hunting and DDT use, and habitat protection. Signup and view all the answers

What was the impact of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 on animal testing?

It dramatically increased medical testing using animals by requiring drugs to prove safety. Signup and view all the answers

What does ‘vivisection’ primarily involve, according to the content?

Surgery for experimental purposes on a living organism. Signup and view all the answers

How many subspecies of chimpanzees are mentioned in the content?

Four subspecies Signup and view all the answers

Which statement best describes the perspective of an 'animal liberationist'?

Animals have similar rights to humans and should not be used for human benefit. Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is a role of the Fish and Wildlife Service?

To provide protection to prevent extinction of species. Signup and view all the answers

Prior to the 1876 Cruelty to Animals Act, what was an issue regarding vivisection?

Vivisections were sometimes viewed as public entertainment. Signup and view all the answers

Based on the content, what is a consequence of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act of 1938, despite some guidelines by NIH?

A lack of official oversight and punishment if the testing guidelines were not followed. Signup and view all the answers

Which member of the Animal Care and Use Committees must possess both veterinary and research experience?

The veterinarian Signup and view all the answers

What is one of the primary purposes of the ARRIVE guidelines?

To improve standards of reporting of research on animals Signup and view all the answers

Which aspect is NOT part of making animal research ethical according to the ARRIVE guidelines?

Ensuring all animals are kept in the same environment Signup and view all the answers

What government body administers the Endangered Species Act of 1973?

National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Signup and view all the answers

What type of issues does the Endangered Species Act spark controversy over?

Public land usage and property owner rights Signup and view all the answers

Which of these members must not be affiliated with the institution other than as a member of the IACUC?

Public member Signup and view all the answers

Why is it important to include specific details about animal housing and numbers used in research publications?

To ensure experiments are ethical and reproducible Signup and view all the answers

What potential issue arises from insufficient information in animal research publications?

Accidental replication of experiments causing more animal suffering Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Psalm 34:8

Taste and see that the Lord is good.
How happy is the man who takes refuge in Him.
Psalm 34:8

Is 'evil' the opposite of 'good'?

No standard of goodness or evil exists apart from God.
Evil is an opposing quality to God's goodness.
God must be extremely good.

Research Laws for Animal Rules and Regulations

A title about laws related to animal research and regulations.

Whoever is Righteous Has Regard for the Life of His Beast.

Righteous people care for the lives of their animals.
The wicked are cruel.
Proverbs 12:10

Fundamental Questions for Animal Use

Is the use beneficial?
Are some uses of animals unacceptable?
Knowledge needed to prevent human suffering and premature death also affects animals.
Biomedical research and animal testing are vital for medical advances for both humans and animals.

Animal Rights

Public opinion on animal rights has changed over time.
Opinion depends on the benefits of the research being done.
Some think animals are for human use.
Some think animals have the same rights as humans.
Some think humans have no right to use animals.
Ask yourself: Are you a speciesist? Why or why not?

Vivisection

First identified use of animals for experimentation.
Surgery on living organisms, including humans and animals.
Earliest known dates to 500 B.C.
Coronary circulation discovered in 1628.
Still used for surgery.

Cruelty to Animals Act -1876

First law regulating animal experiments in the West.
Inspired by the anti-vivisectionist movement.
Experiments only for teaching or saving human life.
Animals must be anaesthetised.

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act -1938

Required drugs and devices to prove safety before release.
Safety proven in animals.
Resulted in an increase in medical animal testing.
Few guidelines with no oversight or punishment for failure to meet them.

Animal Welfare Act of 1966

Existence due to Life Magazine exposing poor treatment of animals.
Detailed how dogs and other pets went missing due to kidnapping and unsanitary/unsafe conditions.
Animals were sold for scientific research.
Caused controversy/uproar.

Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (What is it?)

Only federal law in the United States that governs animal treatment in research.
Sets minimum standards of care.
Amended several times.

Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (Who enforces it?)

USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture)
APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service).
Oversees and conducts unannounced inspections to ensure compliance.
Fines are given (up to $10,000 per animal per day).
Animals can be confiscated.

Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (Who does it protect?)

Now (2021), all living vertebrates are protected.
Combined laws of 1985 provide regulatory coverage of all living vertebrates
Farm animals used for food/fiber, cold-blooded species (amphibians & reptiles), horses, fish, invertebrates, and rats & mice are not covered.

Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (What does it require?)

All businesses dealing with animals (buying, selling, exhibiting, transporting, teaching, or research) must be licensed or registered.
Appropriate veterinary care.
IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee) approval for research.
Pain during research should be minimized and a veterinarian must be consulted if needed.

Register for CITI Training!

Certificate on Human Subjects Research.
Under Graduate student researcher.
SCI-495HSR related.
Answer Class Questions on CITI training registration.

Declaration of Helsinki- WF300

Significantly increased the amount of animal research.
Required human experiments to be based on safety and efficacy data from animal experiments.
Biomedical research involving humans must conform to generally accepted scientific principles.

Turning Point: Silver Springs Monkeys

Neuroscience research investigated spinal injuries.
Monkeys used to determine brain reorganization after injury.
Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) developed.
Conviction of researcher for animal abuse led to the passing of an important amendment to AWA.
PETA became a well known national group.
Animal Liberation Front was organized.

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs)

Protocol approval for research.
Approval based on the Three R's.
Post-approval monitoring.
Yearly reports.
Complete review of protocols every 3 years.
Oversight by USDA/APHIS.
Training required for personnel conducting animal research.

Guidelines for Animal Use- the 3Rs

Replacement of conscious animals with insentient material.
Reduction of the number of animals used in research.
Refinement of procedures to minimize harm to the animal subjects.

Sample

Dr. Huang's epigenetic experiment using zebra fish instead of mice to determine the difference.

Sample Answer

Dr. Huang's use of zebra fish instead of mice is an example of replacement.

Animal Care and Use Committees

Review institution's use of animals.
Inspect animal facilities.
Reports & recommendations for animal care.
Review animal welfare concerns.
Approve animal research activities and any changes to them.
Authorized to suspend/stop animal research.

Animal Care and Use Committees (Members)

Minimum of three members.
Chair appointed by the institution.
Veterinarian with research experience.
Scientist with research experience featuring animals.
Non-scientist member.
Public member unaffiliated with the institution.
Overlapping roles.

Guidelines for Animal Use- ARRIVE

Experiments must produce reproducible research.
Results/data from the experiments should feature the essential/vital information.
Essential information allows others to reproduce the experiments without causing accidental or unnecessary replication that may harm animals.

Endangered Species Act- 1973

Administered by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Provides protection to prevent extinction.
Listed species cannot be killed, hunted, or collected.
Lands and habitats are protected.

Endangered Species Act- 1973 (Criteria for Listing)

Five criteria for an animal/species to be listed as endangered/threatened/etc.
The factors include habitat destruction / modification / curtailment; overuse of the species by humans ; declining population due to disease or predation; lacking regulatory mechanisms, and other natural or manmade factors.

Endangered Species: Categories and Criteria

Different categories of endangered species including Least Concern, Near Threatened, Vulnerable, Endangered, and Critically Endangered.
Includes: population reduction rate, geographic range, area of occupancy, population size, population restrictions, and extinction probability in the wild.

Bald Eagle and the Endangered Species Act

Bald eagles were among the first species listed on the ESA.
Banning DDT use, hunting, and habitat protection contributed to their delisting as a threatened species.

Endangered Species Act- 1973 (Arizona)

Arizona has 37 endangered animal species.
Devils Hole Pupfish

Chimpanzees and Science

Closest genetic relative to humans.
150,000-250,000 chimpanzees remaining in the wild.
Four subspecies of chimpanzees: Western, Central, Eastern, and Nigeria-Cameroon.

Chimpanzees & Science (History)

Robert Yerkes spearheaded chimpanzee experimentation at Yale.
US Air Force (1950s) used chimpanzees for military flight experiments.
NIH (1960) funds primate research facilities.

Chimpanzees

US and Canada prohibit importing wild chimpanzees (1975).
Chimpanzees designated threatened under ESA (1976).
NIH establishes a chimp breeding and research program (1986).
Chimps upgraded to endangered under ESA (1990).
Federally funded chimp breeding banned (1995).
Chimps don't develop full blown AIDS.