Animal Welfare Act Quiz

Psalm 34:8

• Taste and see that the Lord is good.
• How happy is the man who takes refuge in Him.
• Psalm 34:8

Is 'evil' the opposite of 'good'?

• No standard of goodness or evil exists apart from God.
• Evil is an opposing quality to God's goodness.
• God must be extremely good.

Research Laws for Animal Rules and Regulations

• A title about laws related to animal research and regulations.

Whoever is Righteous Has Regard for the Life of His Beast.

• Righteous people care for the lives of their animals.
• The wicked are cruel.
• Proverbs 12:10

Fundamental Questions for Animal Use

• Is the use beneficial?
• Are some uses of animals unacceptable?
• Knowledge needed to prevent human suffering and premature death also affects animals.
• Biomedical research and animal testing are vital for medical advances for both humans and animals.

Animal Rights

• Public opinion on animal rights has changed over time.
• Opinion depends on the benefits of the research being done.
• Some think animals are for human use.
• Some think animals have the same rights as humans.
• Some think humans have no right to use animals.
• Ask yourself: Are you a speciesist? Why or why not?

Vivisection

• First identified use of animals for experimentation.
• Surgery on living organisms, including humans and animals.
• Earliest known dates to 500 B.C.
• Coronary circulation discovered in 1628.
• Still used for surgery.

Cruelty to Animals Act -1876

• First law regulating animal experiments in the West.
• Inspired by the anti-vivisectionist movement.
• Experiments only for teaching or saving human life.
• Animals must be anaesthetised.

Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act -1938

• Required drugs and devices to prove safety before release.
• Safety proven in animals.
• Resulted in an increase in medical animal testing.
• Few guidelines with no oversight or punishment for failure to meet them.

Animal Welfare Act of 1966

• Existence due to Life Magazine exposing poor treatment of animals.
• Detailed how dogs and other pets went missing due to kidnapping and unsanitary/unsafe conditions.
• Animals were sold for scientific research.
• Caused controversy/uproar.

Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (What is it?)

• Only federal law in the United States that governs animal treatment in research.
• Sets minimum standards of care.
• Amended several times.

Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (Who enforces it?)

• USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture)
• APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service).
• Oversees and conducts unannounced inspections to ensure compliance.
• Fines are given (up to $10,000 per animal per day).
• Animals can be confiscated.

Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (Who does it protect?)

• Now (2021), all living vertebrates are protected.
• Combined laws of 1985 provide regulatory coverage of all living vertebrates
• Farm animals used for food/fiber, cold-blooded species (amphibians & reptiles), horses, fish, invertebrates, and rats & mice are not covered.

Animal Welfare Act of 1966 (What does it require?)

• All businesses dealing with animals (buying, selling, exhibiting, transporting, teaching, or research) must be licensed or registered.
• Appropriate veterinary care.
• IACUC (Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee) approval for research.
• Pain during research should be minimized and a veterinarian must be consulted if needed.

Register for CITI Training!

• Certificate on Human Subjects Research.
• Under Graduate student researcher.
• SCI-495HSR related.
• Answer Class Questions on CITI training registration.

Declaration of Helsinki- WF300

• Significantly increased the amount of animal research.
• Required human experiments to be based on safety and efficacy data from animal experiments.
• Biomedical research involving humans must conform to generally accepted scientific principles.

Turning Point: Silver Springs Monkeys

• Neuroscience research investigated spinal injuries.
• Monkeys used to determine brain reorganization after injury.
• Constraint-induced movement therapy (CIMT) developed.
• Conviction of researcher for animal abuse led to the passing of an important amendment to AWA.
• PETA became a well known national group.
• Animal Liberation Front was organized.

Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs)

• Protocol approval for research.
• Approval based on the Three R's.
• Post-approval monitoring.
• Yearly reports.
• Complete review of protocols every 3 years.
• Oversight by USDA/APHIS.
• Training required for personnel conducting animal research.

Guidelines for Animal Use- the 3Rs

• Replacement of conscious animals with insentient material.
• Reduction of the number of animals used in research.
• Refinement of procedures to minimize harm to the animal subjects.

Sample

• Dr. Huang's epigenetic experiment using zebra fish instead of mice to determine the difference.

Sample Answer

• Dr. Huang's use of zebra fish instead of mice is an example of replacement.

Animal Care and Use Committees

• Review institution's use of animals.
• Inspect animal facilities.
• Reports & recommendations for animal care.
• Review animal welfare concerns.
• Approve animal research activities and any changes to them.
• Authorized to suspend/stop animal research.

Animal Care and Use Committees (Members)

• Minimum of three members.
• Chair appointed by the institution.
• Veterinarian with research experience.
• Scientist with research experience featuring animals.
• Non-scientist member.
• Public member unaffiliated with the institution.
• Overlapping roles.

Guidelines for Animal Use- ARRIVE

• Experiments must produce reproducible research.
• Results/data from the experiments should feature the essential/vital information.
• Essential information allows others to reproduce the experiments without causing accidental or unnecessary replication that may harm animals.

Endangered Species Act- 1973

• Administered by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
• Provides protection to prevent extinction.
• Listed species cannot be killed, hunted, or collected.
• Lands and habitats are protected.

Endangered Species Act- 1973 (Criteria for Listing)

• Five criteria for an animal/species to be listed as endangered/threatened/etc.
• The factors include habitat destruction / modification / curtailment; overuse of the species by humans ; declining population due to disease or predation; lacking regulatory mechanisms, and other natural or manmade factors.

Endangered Species: Categories and Criteria

• Different categories of endangered species including Least Concern, Near Threatened, Vulnerable, Endangered, and Critically Endangered.
• Includes: population reduction rate, geographic range, area of occupancy, population size, population restrictions, and extinction probability in the wild.

Bald Eagle and the Endangered Species Act

• Bald eagles were among the first species listed on the ESA.
• Banning DDT use, hunting, and habitat protection contributed to their delisting as a threatened species.

Endangered Species Act- 1973 (Arizona)

• Arizona has 37 endangered animal species.
• Devils Hole Pupfish

Chimpanzees and Science

• Closest genetic relative to humans.
• 150,000-250,000 chimpanzees remaining in the wild.
• Four subspecies of chimpanzees: Western, Central, Eastern, and Nigeria-Cameroon.

Chimpanzees & Science (History)

• Robert Yerkes spearheaded chimpanzee experimentation at Yale.
• US Air Force (1950s) used chimpanzees for military flight experiments.
• NIH (1960) funds primate research facilities.

Chimpanzees

• US and Canada prohibit importing wild chimpanzees (1975).
• Chimpanzees designated threatened under ESA (1976).
• NIH establishes a chimp breeding and research program (1986).
• Chimps upgraded to endangered under ESA (1990).
• Federally funded chimp breeding banned (1995).
• Chimps don't develop full blown AIDS.

Chimpanzees

• NIH study (2010) determined chimpanzees were no longer necessary for biomedical and behavioral research.
• All federally funded chimp research phased out (2015).
• Current chimps retired to sanctuaries.

Class Question for Thurs Oct 3

• What should be done with aging chimps.
• Who should pay for their care and upkeep?