Animals Laws & Regulations PDF

https://s3.amazonaws.com/womenallaccess/womenallaccess/files/2017/01/Psalm_34-8.jpg  Is ‘evil’ the opposite of ‘good’  No standard of goodness exists apart from God, and no standard of evil can exist without referen...

https://s3.amazonaws.com/womenallaccess/womenallaccess/files/2017/01/Psalm_34-8.jpg  Is ‘evil’ the opposite of ‘good’  No standard of goodness exists apart from God, and no standard of evil can exist without reference to God’s goodness.  The extremes of evil that are shown in how people treat other people or animals exists as an opposing quality of God  God must be ‘extremely’ good as shown when people rebel and choose the opposite. 1. “Is Evil the Equal Opposite of Good?” | Bible.org Research Laws for Animal Rules and Regulations  https://wp-media.patheos.com/blogs/sites/348/2015/10/Whoever-is-righteous-has.jpg https://www.google.com/search?q=lab+mouse+images&client=safari&rls=en&tbm=isch&source=iu&ictx=1&vet=1&fir=1wc2M2S4llgS1M%252C6EJKvfpW3yCGiM%252C_%253BTrwDl7XyOcfAHM%252C6EJKvfpW3yCGiM %252C_%253BZvXQsqrsx57aNM%252CODQ0AynMgUWlvM%252C_%253Btfk_DgxMsxY0rM%252CGTrnkffjlLGc-M%252C_%253ByBVnTv8zYOQxjM%252CudAVjv8V5YS3zM%252C_%253Bt5iJESkAcnVk_M %252C79cstE7_D9eDSM%252C_%253BGTCtqiNNmcQPEM%252Cldrp9GaY8nvpzM%252C_%253BP6IsJJ-YmXQUaM%252C6EJKvfpW3yCGiM%252C_%253BhP-7pF417RyNcM%252COPHxm12mz3BavM%252C_ %253BZoQFzDNtPUxsaM%252CGTrnkffjlLGc-M%252C_%253BuB6EtJC8vbwQqM%252C6EJKvfpW3yCGiM%252C_%253BZ6TZ1Z7YUw5ypM%252CwFKQGEyPlIWJQM%252C_&usg=AI4_- kRxG7256kpdCUMTVft1RoGpzLPHIw&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjHmZu309f1AhWUI0QIHS1tBEcQ9QF6BAgMEAE#imgrc=ZvXQsqrsx57aNM Fundamental Questions for Animal Use 1. Is the use beneficial? 2. Even if it is beneficial, are some uses of animals unacceptable? Without the use of animals and human beings, it would have been impossible to acquire the important knowledge needed to prevent much suffering and premature death not only among humans, but also among animals. Albert Sabin, Developer of Polio Vaccine (Sabin, 1992) Virtually every major medical advance for both humans and animals has been achieved through biomedical research using animal models to study and find a cure for disease, and through animal testing, to prove the safety and efficacy of a new treatment. C. Everett Koop, U.S. Surgeon General, 1982-1989 (UCSD, 2001) Animal Rights  Public opinion on animal rights has changed over time  Opinion of animal rights depends on the benefits of the research being done. i.e. how is vaccine testing vs. cosmetic testing  Has there been a change in how animals are treated in our society? Are animals treated the same in every culture?  Philosophical viewpoints on animal rights  Animals are here for human use- utilitarianism  Animals have the same or similar rights as humans  Some believe that humans do not have the right to use animals  Propose banning the use of all animal Watch: Philosophy video on Animal Rights - After watching this video ask yourself: Do you consider yourself a speciesist? Why or why not?  Extremes  Animal Liberation – no difference between humans and non-human animals  Animal exploitation- animals are here to serve the needs of humans Vivisection  First identified use of animals for experimentation  Surgery conducted for experimental purposes on a living organism  Includes human and animals  Earliest known dates to 500 B.C.  Coronary circulation discovered in 1628  Still used for surgery practice  https://www.pcrm.org/news/news-rele ases/uws-deadly-animal-use-surgery-p ractice-under-fire  Cruelty to Animals Act -1876  United Kingdom (not US)  First law regulating animal experiments in the West.  Inspired by the anti-vivisectionist movement  What it covered  Experiments only allowed for teaching purposes or to save or prolong human life  Animal must be anaesthetized  Used only one time and killed when research over This picture was taken around 1905 and these ladies were the key anti-vivisectionists. Vivisection in the 1870s was considered entertainment and people would pay to watch. The anti-vivisectionist ladies would storm the show and disrupt the proceedings in protest. Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act -1938  Required drugs and devices were required to prove safety before release to public  This act required that safety be proven in animals  Resulted in a significant increase in medical testing in animals  There were few loose guidelines set by NIH, but NO official oversight and no punishment for failure to follow the guidelines. Animal Welfare Act of 1966  Why does it exist?  Life Magazine Expose Article  “Concentration Camp for Dogs”  Detailed how dogs and other pets were going missing because they were kidnapped by animal dealers  Animals kept in unsanitary/unsafe conditions  Resold into scientific research  Caused an uproar in the public and congress Animal Welfare Act of 1966  What is it?  Only Federal law in the United States that governs the treatment of animals in research  Sets minimum standards of care regarding housing, sanitation, food, water, veterinary care  All other laws, policies, or guidelines refer back to AWA as the minimally acceptable standard  Amended 8 times  Who enforces it?  USDA (U.S. Department of Agriculture)  APHIS (Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) is a branch of the USDA that oversees the AWA.  Unannounced inspections to ensure compliance  Fines (up to 10,000 per animal per day)  suspension of license, loss of license, confiscation of animals  Animal Welfare Act of 1966  Who does it protect?  Now (2021)- all living vertebrates  Animal Welfare Act and the Health Research Extension Act of 1985. Combined these acts provide regulatory coverage of all live vertebrates (and some dead ones!)  The following animals are not covered: farm animals used for food or fiber (fur, hide, etc.); coldblooded species (amphibians and reptiles); horses not used for research purposes; fish; invertebrates (crustaceans, insects, etc.); rats of the genus Rattus, and mice of the genus Mus that are bred for use in research. Birds are covered under the AWA but the regulatory standards have not yet been established. https://www.aphis.usda.gov/aphis/ourfocus/animalwelfare/awa/ct_awa_program_information  Animal Welfare Act of 1966  What does it require?  All businesses that deal (buy/sell), exhibit, transport, or use in teaching/research must be licensed &/or registered.  Appropriate veterinary care  In 1985 an amendment was added that requires institutional animal care and use committee (IACUC) to approve research.  Limits the imposition of pain during research (must be minimized), veterinarian must be consulted Register for Citi Training!!! https://about.citiprogram.org/en/homepage/ SCI-495HSR Student researcher – undergraduate Certificate on Human Subjects Research Answer Class Question on CITI Training registration Declaration of Helsinki- WF300  Significantly increased the amount of animal research.  Required human experiments be based on safety and efficacy data from animal experiments.  “Biomedical research involving human subjects must conform to generally accepted scientific principles and should be based on adequately performed laboratory and animal experimentation and on a thorough knowledge of the scientific literature.”  Turning Point: Silver Springs Monkeys  Edward Taub- neuroscience researcher investigating spinal injuries in Silver Springs, Maryland.  Used monkeys to determine how the brain can reorganize after injury  Would deafferentate (cut sensory nerves) from the arm resulting in numbness  Then had the monkey learn how to use the numb arm again by “constraining” the good arm  Turned his animal research into a form of physical therapy called “Constraint-induced movement therapy” (CIMT)  Allowed victims of paralysis to regain movement  Restrain the good limb to force injured limb to learn to work  Video of patient’s before and after CIMT Turning Point: Silver Springs Monkeys  Accusations of failure to properly care and house monkeys  Alex Pacheco began under cover work for PETA in the lab as a technician  He cofounded PETA with a friend  Pacheco’s accusations of poor care led to raids on the lab by the Fed and the raids led to trials  Raids discovered animals with open wounds, injuries, dirty cages etc.  Taub was convicted on 6 counts of violation of the Animal Welfare Act  All convictions overturned on appeal  Resulted in creation of 1985 amendment to AWA for IACUC  Caused PETA to become a national group  Resulted in the Animal Liberation Front being organized Institutional Animal Care and Use Committees (IACUCs)  What does an IACUC do?  Protocol approval  All relevant experimental protocols undergo full review prior to any experiments occurring  Approval is based upon implementation of the 3 R’s (see next slide)  Post -approval monitoring  Yearly updates in the form of updated paperwork  Every 3 years complete review of protocol  Oversight is provided for Animals in Research by the USDA  Specifically Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS), an arm of the USDA  Training- All personnel on an experiment must receive training prior to performing ANY procedures Guidelines for Animal Use- the 3 R’s For a protocol to be approved via IACUC the 3 Rs must be considered  Replacement: When possible, conscious animals should be replaced with unconscious or insentient material in research, and higher animals should be replaced with lower ones.  Reduction: As few animals used as possible.  Refinement: Procedures should minimize harm to the animal subjects. Sample:  If Dr. Huang decides to run an experiment examining epigenetic changes during development, but instead of using mice he uses zebra fish. Which of the 3 R’s would this be an example of? Sample Answer:  If Dr. Huang decides to run an experiment examining epigenetic changes during development, but instead of using mice he uses zebra fish. Which of the 3 R’s would this be an example of?  Replacement since he is replacing a higher order animal with a lower order animal. Animal Care and Use Committees  What does it do?  Review the institution's use of animals  Inspect the animal facilities  Reports & makes recommendations  Review animal welfare concerns  Approves activities related to the care and use of animals  Approves significant changes in ongoing research  Be authorized to suspend an activity involving animals. Animal Care and Use Committees  Members- minimum 3  Chair - appointed by the institute  One veterinarian with research experience  One practicing scientist experienced in research with animals  One non-scientist member  One member who is not affiliated with the institution other than as a member of the IACUC- i.e. member of the public  Members are expected to have overlapping roles Guidelines for Animal Use- ARRIVE  Even when the 3 R’s are met, the experiment cannot be considered ethical if it doesn't also create reproducible research.  For animal research to be reproducible the published results must contain vital information (i.e. how were the animals housed? How many were used? Etc)  Without this vital information, another researcher may accidentally inadvertently or unnecessarily replicate an experiment, thus causing more animal suffering.  ARRIVE guidelines outline the necessary information that must be in the publications so the experimental results are most useable  From “Animals in Research; Reporting In Vivo Experiments” by Kilkenny, 2010.  To improve standards of reporting of research on animals  Maximize information publish to minimize unnecessary studies  Ensures data is fully utilized and reduce unnecessary animal use  Link to the guidelines: ARRIVE Guidelines Endangered Species & Science What will be discussed in this section?  The endangered species act is a far-reaching law that has sparked intense controversies over the use of public lands, the rights of property owners, and economic versus environmental benefits.  The choices of how species are placed on the list and how best to recover a population is based on scientific testing and exploration.  Furthermore science itself can sometimes be a part of problem in overuse of a species for research purposes  Watch this video from the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Services on Endangered Species Endangered Species Act- 1973  Administered by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service  Provides protection to prevent extinction  Listed species cannot be killed, hunted, or collected  Lands and habitats are protected  For an animal to be listed it must:  Meet one of five criteria to be listed (see next slide)  Recovery plan must be in place  For an animal to be removed from list (de-listed)  Due to extinction  Recovery  Endangered Species Act- 1973 5 Criteria For Listing – meet one of these 1. There is the present or threatened destruction, modification, or curtailment of its habitat or range. 2. Overuse of the species by humans. 3. The species is declining due to disease or predation. 4. There is an inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms. 5. There are other natural or manmade factors affecting its continued existence.  Bald Eagle and the Endangered Species Act Bald eagles were one of the first species to be listed on the endangered species act. Banning DDT use and hunting, as well as protecting their habitat has resulted in the delisting of bald eagles. They are considered one of the major successes of the ESA.  Endangered Species Act- 1973 Arizona – 37 endangered animal species alone. Devils Hole Pupfish https://www.wired.com/2016/05/devils-hole -pupfish-just-cant-catch-break/  Chimpanzees and Science  Closest genetic relative  150,000- 250,000 left in the wild  Four subspecies of Pan troglodytes  Western chimpanzee (P. t. verus)  Central chimpanzee (P. t. troglodytes)  Eastern chimpanzee (P. t. schweinfurthii)  Nigeria-Cameroon chimpanzee (P. t. ellioti).  Central chimp most numerous ~115,000  Nigerian-Cameroon least numerous ~6,000 Chimpanzees & Science  Robert Yerkes pioneered experimenting with chimpanzees and established the first primate laboratory as an extension of Yale  1930 opened first breeding program for chimps  1950s- US Air Force obtained 65 from Africa for military flight experiments  1960- NIH funds 8 primate research facilities  The first 100- http://first100chimps.wesleyan.edu/ Chimpanzees  1975- US and Canada prohibit importing wild chimps  1976- Chimps designated as “threatened” under the ESA  1986- NIH establishes Chimp Breeding & Research Program  For use in HIV & AIDs research  1990- Chimps upgraded to “endangered” under ESA  1995- Federally funded breeding banned due to surplus  Chimps do not develop full blown AIDS Chimpanzees  2010- NIH commissioned a study to determine whether chimpanzees are or will be necessary for biomedical and behavioral research  The answer was no, they are not necessary.  2015- All federally funded chimp research being phased out  All current chimps being retired to sanctuaries  Read: Research On Lab Chimps Is Over, So Why Have So Few Been Retired to Sanct uaries?  Ask yourself: what do you think should be done with aging chimps?  Who should pay for the chimps care and upkeep? Class Question for Thurs Oct 3 What do you think should be done with aging chimps? Who should pay for the chimps care and upkeep?"