Animal Production: History and Stages

Introduction to Animal Production

• Animal production integrates biological and physical sciences impacting animal life.
• It involves knowledge of feeding, breeding, management, marketing, and processing,
• Animal agriculture employs biological processes to create animal products for human use.
• Success in utilizing animals stems from their provision as a source of food, clothing, transport, and field cultivation.
• The history of agriculture is categorized into four stages before modern agriculture

Stages of Early Agriculture

• Paleolithic or Stone Age:
  • The first and longest stage, with no farming or domestic animals.
  • Early humans used fire, chipped stone, and hand axes to hunt and gather.
• Mesolithic or Middle Stone Age (12,000-8,000 B.C.):
  • Development of spears, bows, and fishing nets.
  • Storing gathered grasses led to settlements, higher birth rates, increased animal hunting, and dwindling game,
  • Dependence shifted to stored grains, replacing game pursuit with primitive farming.
• Neolithic or New Stone Age (approx. 6000 B.C.):
  • Polished stone tools emerged through trial and error.
  • Humans identified valuable plants, saving and planting seeds for a reliable food source
  • Culture, tradition, and behavior shifted towards settled lifestyles rather than hunting, with some animals reared at home
  • Domestication began as animals kept in captivity became more docile, while wilder ones were killed.
• The Bronze Age:
  • Followed the Stone Age, progressing into the Iron Age.
  • Agricultural tool development met human needs
  • Animal production advanced via animal domestication in the Neolithic period, when the world population was around 5 million

Evolution of Human Lifestyle

• Shift from scavenger to civilized life
• Advancements in animal production result from years of experience and research
• Improvements in the livestock industry are crucial, considering:
  • Ever-growing human population
  • Dwindling foreign exchange, which strains livestock and product importation
  • Unsatisfactory daily protein intake across Nigeria
  • The need to improve agriculture’s foreign exchange earnings

Addressing Malnutrition in Nigeria

• Nigerians rely on plants for protein, but it is lower in biological value than animal sources
• This contributes to malnutrition, kwashiorkor, and marasmus
• Plant protein is deficient in sulphur amino acids, in contrast to animal protein
• The FAO recommended 65.0g of total protein daily per person (1984)
  • 42.20g animal origin
  • 22.75g plant origin
• Actual Nigerian intake is about 55.0g:
  • 10.7g animal origin
  • 43.7g plant origin
• Protein intake is below recommended levels
• Aim to replace traditional animal husbandry with a modern, systematic approach

Role of Livestock in the National Economy

• Livestock provides meat which has high-quality protein
• Milk: complete food with protein, carbs, fat, minerals, vitamins, which vary by breed/environment
• Egg: a complete food like milk
• Other animal products, such as bone meal and blood meal, are used for feeding livestock
• Source of clothing and raw materials, e.g., leather for shoes and belts from hides and skin, wool for superior clothing and protection
• Animals offer power via burden carrying, carts, tillage equipment, irrigation pumps, and transportation, and 75% of the world's agricultural power comes from animals
  • They operate machines like thread mills and farm implements
• Animals are a source of fuel. fertilizer an fertilizer
  • Dung can be burned as fuel, especially when wood or fossil fuel is scarce
  • Dung can undergo fermentation to form methane gas for heat
  • Animal droppings improve soil tilth, permeability, and nutrient content when applied as fertilizer
  • Dung also serves as a compost worm feed to produce excellent sources of protein
• Source of income, economic resources, quicker investment returns and trade
  • Improved family economic status and living standard through items such as eggs, milk, or meat
  • Livestock trade boosts economy as a foreign exchange earner and acts as insurance against crop failure
  • Medicinal products extracted from animals (e.g., insulin from steer pancreas)
• Companionship provided by animals
  • Small animals are fun for children
  • The human soul finds peace in connecting with animals

Employment and Social Status

• Cattle, sheep, and goat rearing are traditional Fulani jobs handed down through generations
• Increased animal protein production means more farms are created, requiring more workers
• Livestock rearing aids labour distribution so time can be spent on crop production as well
• Farm animals are used for sociological purposes, such as bride price payments and religious rites, and status symbols
• Animals can be used as gifts
• Animals act as a storage reserve for energy, protein, and nutrients
  • Excess crop growth is consumed by animals and converted into tissues that can be used later
  • Crop byproducts that man cannot consume can be fed to high quality protein animals

Problems in Nigerian Livestock Production

• Nutrition:
  • Livestock production relies greatly on feeding so feed accounts for roughly 70% of costs
  • Concentrate protein supply is low as men also need this
• Marketing and Distribution:
  • Most Nigerian cattle, sheep, and goats are managed traditionally in the Sudan-Sahel zone, and mainly transported by foot, leading to weight loss and casualties.
  • Organized markets for effective product distribution and sales are rare due to lack of market information.
• Capital:
  • High capital is needed for livestock production
  • Many credit facilities are needed for successful livestock operations
  • Lack of credit facilities has left peasant farmers in charge of livestock production
  • Socioeconomic status affects financial funding of livestock production
• Lack of Qualified Manpower:
  • A proper livestock industry is complex, and needs a team of professionals
• Lack of Adequate Data:
  • Proper livestock planning needs stats
  • Info is very vague
• Type of Animal:
  • Aim for max production quickly
  • Indigenous climate animals are small and dont make as much money but can withstand local parasites
• Religious Belief:
  • Beliefs affect productivity
  • In the north, Muslims do not eat pork which discourages this animal
• Government Policy:
  • No consistent govt
  • Poor state policies
• Inadequate Government Financial Provision:
  • Not enough financial investment
• Diseases and Parasites:
  • Nigeria is affected by tropical enviro parasites
  • this limits productivity

Livestock Distribution in Nigeria

• Common livestock includes sheep, goats, cattle, rabbits, and pigs.
• The North generally has more animals due to climate, which supports grass growth for herbivores and ruminants
• Trypanosomiasis caused by tsetse flies is common in the North, restricting the animals in the South.
• In the South, humidity/temperature dictates certain farm structure construction
• Nigeria doesn't have pigs in the north because their Islamic belief consider pigs taboo
• Social status is measured by material wealth
• Fulani keep cattle to show social status
• Number of animals is a sign of wealth

Climate and Livestock Production

• Animals have key climatic needs for max production like radiation, rain, air and sunlight
• This effects livestock two ways
  • Direct and indirect

Direct Effect

• Temperature needs to correlate for thermal regulation
• Livestock must maintain thermal regulation for survival Hot Climate causes certain things
• Dec feed intake
• Less graxing time
• Less bodily functions due to fertility or issues with sexual interactions

Problems with Hot Climate

• Growth impact
• Body temp increase
• Possible death Cold Climate Causes
  • Newborn bad
  • High disease susc
  • High energy to keep warm
  • Huddle and shrink to reduce energy losses

Problems with Cold Climate

• Increase in heat production
• Less drinking
• Hair production
• Less protein loss

Indirect effect

• Feed availabilty effects production rate
• Temp, rain, daylight cause effect

Common Animal Husbandry Terminologies

• Ruminant Herbivore: 4-part stomach animals which eat pasture e.g., cattle, sheep, and goats.
• Non-Ruminant Herbivore: eats grass but isn't a compartmental stomach e.g., donkey and rabbits.
• Monogastric: Non-herbivores with simple stomachs

Cattle Terminology

• Dairy: A building for milk and milk products
• Barn: A building where grain is stored or cattle
• Pen: Small enclosure for cattle
• Paddock: small field where cattle are fenced
• Crush: funnel-shaped passage for cattle forced in line
• Stanchion: bars to confine cattle in stall
• Stall: compartment for animals to eat
• Bull: Sexually mature male for breeding
• Steer: castrated young male
• Stag: castrated when sexualy mature
• Bullock: castrated bull for work
• Calf: young animal
• Calving: Parturition in cattle
• Yearling: between 12-24 months
• Heifer: Not yet had calf, soon a mother
• Freemartin: Sterile heifer
• Cow: mature female
• Beef: adult meat
• Veal: young meat
• Nymphomania Buller: on heat often
• Estrus or Heat: The moment fe comes in

Sheep Terms

• Ram: Mature male
• Stud Ram: breeding reasons
• Ewe: Mature fem
• Ram Lamb: Boy with age
• Ewe Lamb: age girl
• Lamb: any gender
• Wedder: no testes
• Gimmer: to touch sheep
• Lambing: birth
• Flock: group
• Fleece: fur
• Mutton: raw meat
• Shearing: wool cut
• Docking: the cut
• Tupping: mating

Goat Terms

• Kid: young goat Buck Kid; Male kid
• Doe Kid Girl
• Billy buck all for males mature
• Nany she all fem mature
• Castrate testicles remove
• Kidding birth
• Service make

Pig and Rabbit Farming

• Pig Terms
  • Boat matured
• Stud Boar Stock: serve
• Gilt: young not pregnant
• Litter: group piglets
• Brown: not used to mating
• Barrow Hog: no nut
• Herd. collection
• On heart
• Farrowing birht=
• In pig sow pregnant
• In Pig Gilt baby mom
• Dry sow losts kids
• Pignagets baby;
• Weanedr ; young piggles

Pig and Rabbit terminologies

• Rabbit Terms
• Buck, Doe , Fryers for baby
• DIrY DOW for mom
• Kindling - for rabbit -
• Litter size is one in gestation
• Kitts young rabbits
• Fosters baby
• Weaning from DAm
• Culling: is kill

Milk Products

• Whole Milk: Raw
• Milk Cream. Fat conc
• Skim milk remains
• Butter: rem fat
• Colostrum :4
• Cheese: protens
• Whey: remains

Feeding Terms

• Ration: eat
• AD lib: excess
• Zero graxing - eat inside house -
• Streaming pregnant
• flushing ovulation
• conc grain = energy;

Fertility Terms

• Cal rate : rate
• Weaning Ratel number
• calv interval monts
• Heat periods

Cattle origins

• Hamitic Longhorn (HLH)
• Celtic
• Zebu

•   Nadamdescend
  

Types

• Beef: meat
• Dairy:milk
• Dual both

•  Draft combine charc
  

Breed Terms

OUDA This is the Fulani type or a Nigran Fulani

• Fulani or the Tuareg type
• found Niger
• Sahel region
• HORNED EARS LONG FLAPPY

Other breeds

:West African Fulani Nigeria state

Types of breeds

• Gallua , Duck, turkey

Breed Domestid Fowls

• Med sea

Types of brees

• Large while
• Berskire
• Large Black

American Breeds

• Polar
• China dueoc
• Han

Pig Breeding contn

• Semi intensity

Percent distrib of pig breeds

• Large white

General managt

• In

Intensive System

• Extensive System*
• Livestock management involves the integrated application of the principles of animal breeding, feeding, housing organization, and disease control in a manner Suitable for a certain population
• It can be split to:
• (i) Routine Management
• Every animal, Everyday examinses
• examinationl inspection
• Watering feed
• (ii) Occasional Management*

Important

• -Vaccinating -castration - dehorning - branding HOUSING: To keep animals warm MARKET:: near source

Housing

• Drainage: Must have drain
• Prevailing wind:Should not face the wind Water Supply:
• Availability of water is needed
• Rules and regulations:
• Disposing off
• Vet clinic.
• Ranches need trees

Ranch for chickens

• -Houses are more Extensive system is exposed to pasture and sunlight

Chicken Systems

Intensive System There is greater control of env and labor Litter is good

WIRE Slatted: Cage has 1-2

• Semi intensity
• Building

The age

• Manage stages Embaybro incibate
• Reduces thermal stress
• ventilation
• Good wind
• Overhands - no heat
• water supplies

Rearing and management

• rearing is taking. Care
• animals allowed hours - first day
• cows milk
• Colstrum: better. Value

Methods

• ID
• Brands
• Tagging to find sheep
• Ear niching
• Tattoo - numbers in the ear Castro cuts bollicks , Surgier calleds Or non cut but get ring 44

DE hordeinign kill burds

Breeding

The two key functions

• stock Hearth
• Animal must be sex
• signs

1. Rest
2. Swell
3. Mucosuss
4. frequent
5. Animal must be sex

Systems

A1 herd , Pasture. Mating, A. Not rec individual ##Dis advantage

Hand and Matint

• The. Female to male pen
• ADVANTSAGE

Broilet management

• brodiign - method innfci