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Questions and Answers
Define Feed Conversion Ratio.
Feed Conversion Ratio is calculated as the total feed consumed (in kg) divided by the kilograms of feeds per kilogram of eggs produced.
What does % Egg Production Hen Day (%EPHD) measure?
% Egg Production Hen Day (%EPHD) measures the relative or percent egg production based on the actual number of layers on a particular day or period.
Explain what Persistent flocks mean in terms of egg production.
Persistent flocks have the ability to sustain high egg production over time, resulting in a higher number of eggs produced per hen housed compared to less persistent flocks.
When was the chicken domesticated and what was its primary purpose?
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Which of the following poultry raised for meat and eggs originated in South Western United States in 200 BC?
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Geese were domesticated in Egypt around 1500 BC.
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______ share of the Philippines' chicken inventory as of June 30, 2023, consists of broilers.
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Match the breed of chicken with the provided description:
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What is the purpose of disinfection in poultry farming?
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What are the requirements for successful brooding? (Select all that apply)
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During the brooding period, chicks need to be provided with adequate artificial heat.
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What temperature (in OC) is recommended for chicks at 1 day old?
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Match the following poultry diseases with their causative agents:
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Study Notes
Poultry Production
- Poultry refers to domesticated fowl raised for meat and eggs, including chickens, ducks, turkeys, geese, and others.
- The origin of poultry production dates back to:
- 2500 BC in Asia for chickens (Red Jungle Fowl)
- 1500 BC in Egypt for geese
- 200 BC in South Western United States for turkeys
- 2500 BC in China for Mallard ducks
- 16th century AD in Peru for Muscovy ducks
- 11th century AD in Asia for quails
Early Domestication
- Primary purpose of poultry production:
- Chicken meat and eggs
- Inventory of poultry in the Philippines (as of 2023):
- 200.21 million birds
- 43.3% native chickens
- 34.5% broilers
- 22.2% commercial layers
- Per capita consumption of poultry products in the Philippines (2021):
- 14.05 kg of chicken meat
- 5.06 kg of eggs (approximately 78 eggs)
Problems and Prospects of the Chicken Industry
- Problems:
- High cost of feed ingredients
- Inefficient management
- Insufficient housing and facilities
- Disease outbreaks
- Marketing and processing of products
- Capital constraints
- Climate-related challenges
- Prospects:
- Potential for exporting dressed chickens to other countries, such as Japan
- Improving economic status of the Philippines, leading to higher demand for poultry products
Factors Affecting Profits in Animal Production
- Capital
- House and equipment
- Breeds
- Feeds and feeding
- Disease prevention
- Prices of commodities and inputs
- Marketing of products
- Manure disposal
Breeds of Chicken
- Egg-type breeds:
- Leghorn (most popular commercial breed, 300 eggs per year)
- Australorp (250 light-brown eggs per year, dual-purpose)
- Rhode Island Red (200-300 light-brown eggs per year, dual-purpose)
- Meat-type breeds:
- Cornish (broad, well-muscled body, 4.75 kg)
- Dual-purpose breeds:
- Plymouth Rock (dual-purpose, 200-250 eggs per year)
- Orpington (dual-purpose, 110-160 eggs per year)
Breeding Practices
- Inbreeding:
- Mating of closely related animals
- Types: close breeding, line breeding, and ordinary inbreeding
- Outbreeding:
- Mating of unrelated animals
- Types: upgrading, outcrossing, crossbreeding, and strain crossing
- Heterosis (hybrid vigor): the result of crossbreeding, where the performance of the crossbred progeny is better than the average of the purebred parents
Housing and Environment
- Location:
- Well-drained land
- Near a source of clean water
- Availability of electricity
- Accessibility to transportation
- Away from noisy areas and other poultry farms
- Orientation:
- East-west direction to provide adequate protection against direct sunlight and strong winds
- Types of housing:
- Open-sided housing
- Controlled environment (tunnel ventilation system)
Feeding Management
- Feeding guide for broilers:
- 0-14 days: 22-24% crude protein
- 15-28 days: 20-21% crude protein
- 29-harvest: 19-21% crude protein
- Feeding guide for layers:
- 0-4 weeks: 20-21% crude protein
- 4-11 weeks: 16-18% crude protein
- 11-17 weeks: 14-16% crude protein
- Laying period: 18% crude protein
Poultry Management
- House preparation:
- Dry cleaning
- Wet cleaning
- Disinfection
- Repair and maintenance
- Brooding management:
- Brooding period: 0-14 days
- Correct brooding temperature: 33°C (first week), 31-32°C (second week)
- Chicks' comfort and essential requirements for optimum growth
- Rearing period for layers:
- 3-4 weeks before laying period starts
- Successful rearing requires healthy pullets, normal feed consumption, and proper light program
Cannibalism and Light Management
- Cannibalism:
- Abnormal behavior in growing chickens
- Possible causes: imbalance rations, overcrowding, poor ventilation, and excessive heat
- Prevention and control: balanced rations, adequate space, proper ventilation, and debeaking
- Light management:
- Importance of light for laying hens
- Effect of light on chickens: photoperiodism, pullets' development, and laying performance
Common Poultry Diseases
- Viral diseases:
- Newcastle disease (NCD)
- Infectious bursal disease (IBD)
- Bacterial diseases:
- Colibacillosis
- Chronic respiratory disease (CRD)
- Parasitic diseases:
- Coccidiosis### Transmission and Clinical Signs
- Coccidiosis is transmitted through the ingestion of oocysts
- Clinical signs of coccidiosis include emaciation, rough plumage, pasty vent, and bloody wet droppings
Medication Programs for Broilers
- Dextrose is administered in drinking water at day 0
- Antimicrobial drugs are administered in drinking water from days 1-3
- NCD vacc B1B1 is administered intraocularly/spray at day 4
- Multivitamins are administered in drinking water from days 5-7
- Infectious bursal disease vaccinations are administered in drinking water at days 8 and 13
- Vitamin E is administered in drinking water from days 10-12
- Multivitamins are administered in drinking water from days 14-18
- NCD la sota is administered in drinking water at day 21
- Intraocular vaccination is also administered at day 21
Medication Programs for Layers
- Mareks vaccine is administered intracloacally at day 0
- New Castle disease B1B1 vaccine is administered intraocularly at day 1
- New Castle disease la sota vaccine is administered in drinking water at day 3
- Fowl pox vaccine is administered through wing web at day 6
- Anthelmintic drug is administered in drinking water at day 14
- Coccidiostat is administered in drinking water at day 15
- Acaricidal drug is administered through bathing at day 18
- New Castle disease vaccinations are administered in drinking water at days 10, 16, 28, 38, 48, and 58
Broiler Performance Calculations
- Average live weight (kg) is calculated by dividing total weight of birds by total number of birds
- % Mortality or depletion is calculated by dividing birds died or culled by birds started, multiplied by 100
- % Harvest recovery is calculated by dividing number of birds harvested by birds started, multiplied by 100
- Feed conversion ratio is calculated by dividing total feed consumed by total weight of birds
- Total weight of birds is calculated by multiplying birds started minus birds ended by average live weight
- Bags of feed per 1000 birds is calculated by dividing total feed consumed by total live birds, multiplied by 1000
Layer Performance Calculations
- Hen-housed is calculated by considering flock population at 5-10% egg production
- Hen day is calculated by considering flock population on a particular day
- Hen week or hen month is calculated by considering flock population at the start of the week or month
- Cumulative is calculated by adding present and previous period
- % Hen-day production is calculated by dividing total eggs collected in a day by number of live hens on the same day, multiplied by 100
- % Hen-housed production is calculated by dividing total eggs collected by hen-housed, multiplied by 100
- Feed conversion ratio is calculated by dividing total feed consumed by total eggs collected, divided by 12
- Feed conversion ratio is also calculated by dividing total feed consumed by total eggs collected, multiplied by average egg weight
- Feed consumption/hen/day is calculated by dividing total feed offered by hen-housed, multiplied by days
Egg Production Terms
- % Egg Production Hen Day (%EPHD) is a relative or percent egg production based on the actual number of layers on a particular day or period
- % Egg Production Hen Housed (%EPHH) is a rate of egg production based on the number of layers at the start of the laying period
- Eggs per hen housed is a cumulative number of eggs laid per hen housed
- Clutch refers to the number of eggs laid by a hen in consecutive days without break
- Persistency refers to the ability of a flock to sustain high egg production, determining the possible number of eggs produced per hen housed
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Description
Learn about the history and origin of poultry production, including the domestication of chickens, ducks, turkeys, and geese. Discover their origins and primary purposes.
