Animal Health and Dermatology Quiz

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Questions and Answers

What is a symptom of bovine herpes mammillitis?

Lameness in cattle

Ulcerative lesions on teats (correct)

Pustular lesions on the skin

Skin lesions on the nose and mouth

Which method is used for the diagnosis of contagious pustular dermatitis?

Blood culture

X-ray imaging

Physical examination only

PCR or electron microscopy (correct)

What is a preventive measure for digital dermatitis?

Vaccination

Isolation of affected animals

Minimizing mis-mothering

Footbathing (correct)

Which treatment option is recommended for bovine herpes mammillitis?

None, symptomatic treatment only Signup and view all the answers

How can contagious pustular dermatitis be prevented?

Hygiene and vaccination Signup and view all the answers

Which ectoparasite is known to cause sheep scab and is notifiable in Scotland?

Psoroptes ovis Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical sign associated with ectoparasite infections in sheep?

Fleece loss Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a diagnostic method for skin conditions in production animals?

Ultrasound Signup and view all the answers

Which condition could indicate a possible liver disease in production animals?

Photosensitisation Signup and view all the answers

What treatment is commonly administered for ectoparasite infections in sheep?

Macrocyclic lactones Signup and view all the answers

Which viral disease is associated with skin lesions in production animals and is notifiable?

Bluetongue Signup and view all the answers

What role do skin scrapes play in diagnosing skin lesions?

They can identify ectoparasites or other skin conditions. Signup and view all the answers

What is a common treatment approach for skin conditions in production animals?

Antiparasitics and pain relief Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical sign of Bluetongue in sheep?

Oedema of the muzzle Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary method for diagnosing Foot and Mouth Disease?

Swab lesions and PCR Signup and view all the answers

Which disease is characterized by painful crusting over the muzzle and extreme pyrexia?

Malignant catarrhal fever Signup and view all the answers

What preventive measure is recommended for BVDV mucosal disease?

Vaccination Signup and view all the answers

How is Lumpy Skin Disease primarily spread?

Insect vectors Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is used for Malignant Catarrhal Fever?

ELISA Signup and view all the answers

What is a key preventive measure against Vesicular Stomatitis?

Vaccination Signup and view all the answers

What clinical sign is associated with Papillomavirus infections?

Warts over teats and neck Signup and view all the answers

What is a significant prevention method for tick-borne diseases in cattle?

Regular treatment with anti-parasitic agents Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following clinical signs are indicative of BVDV mucosal disease?

Erosions in the mouth Signup and view all the answers

What is the common clinical sign of mite infestation in cattle?

Loss of hair Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following mites is most commonly associated with the feet and legs of cattle?

Chorioptes bovis Signup and view all the answers

What type of treatment is considered less effective for Chorioptes?

Injectable macrocyclic lactones Signup and view all the answers

Which method is NOT recommended for diagnosing mite infestations?

Blood tests Signup and view all the answers

What is a common prevention method for controlling mite infestations?

Closed herd and quarantine treatments Signup and view all the answers

Which lice is characterized as a sucking louse in cattle?

Lignonathus vituli Signup and view all the answers

What type of treatment is commonly used for Bovicola bovis lice in cattle?

Pour-on/Spot-on pyrethroids Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a symptom of a mite infestation in sheep?

Nasal discharge Signup and view all the answers

Which bacterial infection is most commonly diagnosed through culture from infected joints and causes swollen joints in pigs?

Erysipelas rhusiopathiae Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary cause of scrapie, which affects both the brain and skin?

Prion protein Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is recommended for abscesses in cattle associated with specific bacteria?

Drain and flush Signup and view all the answers

What is the clinical sign of ringworm caused by Trichophyton verrucosum?

Pathognomonic lesions Signup and view all the answers

Which form of photosensitization is associated with the ingestion of a photodynamic agent?

Primary photosensitization Signup and view all the answers

What treatment approach is suggested for managing primary photosensitization?

Remove from sunlight Signup and view all the answers

Which condition primarily affects non-pigmented areas of the skin and requires surgical excision for treatment?

Squamous cell carcinoma Signup and view all the answers

What is a common clinical sign observed in animals suffering from digital dermatitis?

Toe necrosis Signup and view all the answers

Which diagnostic method is essential for determining secondary photosensitization?

Liver biochemistry Signup and view all the answers

Which treatment is suggested for erysipelas rhusiopathiae infections in pigs?

Meloxicam for pain relief Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical sign is commonly associated with blow fly strike in sheep?

Discolored wool Signup and view all the answers

What is a primary preventative measure for lice in sheep?

Regular shearing Signup and view all the answers

What type of treatment is used for binge fly strike in sheep?

Insecticides on affected area Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic sign of lice infestation in sheep?

Presence of maggots Signup and view all the answers

What is a common diagnostic method for identifying mites on cattle?

Skin scrapes Signup and view all the answers

Which clinical sign is associated with tick infestations in cattle?

Hemaglobinuria Signup and view all the answers

What is an identified risk factor related to warble fly in cattle?

Importation of infected animals Signup and view all the answers

Which feature is commonly associated with blow fly larvae and their effects?

Foul-smelling pyoderma Signup and view all the answers

What is the treatment for warble fly larvae in cattle?

Ivermectin injection Signup and view all the answers

What is an essential aspect of biosecurity related to ectoparasite management?

Routine anti-ectoparasite treatments Signup and view all the answers

Study Notes

Approach to Skin Conditions of Production Animals

This lecture covers skin conditions affecting production animals.
Learning objectives include recognizing common integument lesions, notifiable diseases, and how liver disease affects skin.
Differential diagnoses include ectoparasites (mites, lice, ticks, flies), viral infections (Bovine Herpes Virus, BVD, malignant catarrhal fever, papillomavirus, vesicular stomatitis, FMD, LSD, bluetongue), bacterial infections (dermatophilus, digital dermatitis, treponeme infections, erysipelas, pyoderma) and other conditions (photosensitization, ringworm, scrapie, squamous cell carcinoma.)
A general approach to skin disease involves history, physical exam (gross pathology), diagnostics (skin scrapes, hair plucks, biopsies, swabs), and symptomatic treatment (pain relief, antiparasitics).

Ectoparasites

Mites, lice, ticks, and flies are ectoparasites.
Some species are notifiable.
Good resources for ectoparasites are available.

Mites (Sheep)

Psoroptes ovis causes sheep scab (notifiable in Scotland).
Chorioptes bovis affects rams (scrotum, lower limbs, poll).
Sarcoptes scabiei may cause pruritus (uncommon in UK).
Demodex (rare in UK, not a feature of pruritus)
Clinical signs include pruritus and fleece loss, affecting multiple animals.
Diagnosis involves skin scrapes and microscopy, serology for AB sheep scab, and hair plucks for Demodex.
Treatment often uses injectable macrocyclic lactones (e.g., doramectin). This is particularly difficult for Chorioptes.
Prevention includes biosecurity measures like closed flocks, quarantine treatments, and fencing.

Mites (Cattle)

Chorioptes bovis affects feet, legs, and base of tail/udder.
Psoroptes affects the back (more severe than Chorioptes).
Sarcoptes scabiei affects the neck, face, and tail.
Demodex (rare in UK, not a feature of pruritus)
Clinical signs include pruritus and hair loss, pustular, crusted, or scaling skin. Multiple animals are frequently affected.
Diagnosis uses skin scrapes, microscopy, and hair plucks for Demodex.
Treatment options include pour-on permethrin, macrocyclic lactones (e.g., ivermectin, eprinomectin), and injectable macrocyclic lactones (less effective for Chorioptes).
Move animals to clean housing for 3 weeks.
Prevention strategies include biosecurity (closed herd), quarantine treatments, and fencing.

Lice (Cattle)

Bovicola (Damalinia) bovis is a common chewing lice.
Lignonathus vituli is a sucking lice that affects the head, neck, dewlap, and brisket.
Other sucking lice include Haematopoinus eurysternus and Solenopates capillatus.
Transmission occurs through direct contact.
Clinical signs include pruritus, hair loss, rough skin, and possible secondary infections.
Diagnosis involves identifying visible parasites on the skin and microscopy.
Treatment options include using pour-on/spot-on pyrethroids or macrocyclic lactones (injectable).
Prevention methods include routine ectoparasite treatments and biosecurity measures.

Blowfly Strike/Cutaneous Myiasis

Larvae from flies (e.g., Lucilia sericata, Phormia terraenovae, Calliphora erythrocephala) cause strike.
Clinical signs include isolation of animals, disturbed grazing, discolored wool, kicking or nibbling at the affected site, maggots, pustules, and foul-smelling pyoderma.
This often affects the perineum, flanks, or between the digits (sometimes associated with foot rot).
Typical clinical signs can include pyrexia, toxemia, recumbency, and death.
Diagnosis includes clinical signs and potentially faecal staining.
Treatment involves isolating the affected animal, removing visible maggots, debriding necrotic tissue, pain relief, systemic antibiotics, topical insecticides, and potentially euthanasia.
Prevention includes fly treatments such as pour-on/spot on pyrethroids, maintaining biosecurity, managing endoparasites, and good herd management.

Warble Fly (Hypoderma)

This is a notifiable disease in Scotland.
Clinical signs include 3mm painful swellings on the animal's back.
Diagnosis is based on finding warble fly larvae.
Treatment involves ivermectin injection.
Prevention uses biosecurity and anti-ectoparasite control measures.

Ticks

Ixodes ricinus is a common tick species.
Clinical signs may include swellings at the bite site and secondary diseases like Babesia (redwater anemia), Theileria (anemia, hemoglobinuria), Anaplasma (fever and anemia), Lyme Disease, and Louping ill (neurological signs).
Diagnosis includes physical examination and identifying the tick.
Treatment options include spot-on permethrin (off-label).
Prevention measures include avoiding grazing on pastures with known tick burdens, improving pasture conditions, and using anti-parasitic spot-on treatments.

Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD)

This is a notifiable disease.
Clinical signs include pathognomonic lesions and pyrexia.
Diagnosis is confirmed through swab tests (lesions and PCR).
Prevention measures include immediate movement restriction, strict biosecurity, and potentially vaccination.

Vesicular Stomatitis

This is a notifiable disease.
Clinical signs are similar to FMD, but limited to the mouth and sometimes teats; characterized by vesicles, ulcers, erosions, and crusting.
Diagnosis involves virus isolation and serology.

Bluetongue

This is a notifiable disease.
Clinical signs include inflammation of the mouth, tongue, muzzle, and/or coronary bands, sialorrhea (drooling), nasal discharge, and skin erythema.
Diagnosis involves virus isolation and serology (PME).
Prevention uses biosecurity and control of vector populations.

Lumpy Skin Disease

This is a notifiable disease spread by insect vectors.
Clinical signs include fever, malaise, and multiple skin nodules.
Diagnosis typically involves swab lesions and PCR.
Prevention options include vaccination, vector/insect control, and movement restrictions.

BVD - Mucosal Disease

Clinical signs include ulcerated and erythematous lesions on mucosal surfaces and diarrhea.
This usually occurs in a weakened animal with unknown or known infected herd status.
Diagnosis is done using cytopathic BVD on swabs.
Prevention uses vaccination and culling of persistently infected animals.

Malignant Catarrhal Fever

Clinical signs often start with a high fever (40.5-42°C).
Symptoms include depression, inappetence, painful crusting on the muzzle, and corneal edema. The presentation may resemble BVD mucosal disease.
Diagnosis should rule out cytopathic BVD and includes testing for viral PCR and antibodies in ELISA.
There's no specific treatment
Prevention involves avoiding co-grazing with sheep

Papillomavirus

Clinical signs often include warts on teats, penis, and neck areas..
Diagnosis is based on identification of characteristic lesions.
Treatment is typically self-limiting, though disinfection and surgical removal of warts might be necessary if irritation or function impairment is present.
No preventative measures

Bovine Herpes Mammillits

Clinical signs include ulcerative lesions on teats, mainly in first-time heifers.
Diagnosis uses PCR tests for the virus.
Treatment is symptomatic and involves stopping milking and disinfecting the area.
Prevention is crucial and involves hygiene measures to prevent the spread.

Contagious Pustular Dermatitis (ORF)

This is a zoonotic disease.
Lesions are seen over the nose and mouth of lambs and teats of ewes.
Diagnosis uses PCR, electron microscopy, and classic lesions.
Treatment is primarily symptomatic.
Prevention aims at minimizing mis-mothering and hygiene practices.

Digital Dermatitis

Caused by Treponema spp. bacteria.
Spread from lesion to slurry/foot; bacteria doesn't survive well in the environment.
Clinical sign is lameness, with 50% having mobility scores indicating lameness.
Treated with topical antimicrobials (antibiotic or non-antibiotic)
Prevention using footbathing, biosecurity, slurry management, and breeding practices.

Other Spirochete Infections

Digital dermatitis-type lesions have been found in other areas, with treponemes cultured.
Additional infections include Toe Necrosis, Hock lesions, Ischaemic Teat Necrosis, and Udder Cleft Dermatitis.
Further study needed for complete aetiopathogenesis, treatment, and prevention protocols.

Erysipelas Rhusiopathiae

An infection most common in pigs, but can affect cattle.
Diagnosis is determined by culture from infected joints and characteristic "diamond" skin lesions on affected areas.
Treatment often involves systematic penicillin/amoxicillin and pain relief (e.g. meloxicam).

Rain Scald (Dermatophilus)

Caused by Dermatophilus congolensis.
Lesions on the dorsal area of the body.
Usually follows prolonged wet weather periods.
Treatment is symptomatic.

Abscesses

Cattle well wall off typical infections.
Skin abscesses are caused by bacteria such as Fusobacterium necrophorum and Trueperella pyogenes.
Diagnosis, Ultrasound can rule out hematomas or seromas
Treatment relies on draining and flushing.
Systemic therapy is typically unnecessary unless the animal is systemically ill.

Ringworm (Trichophyton verrucosum)

Zoonotic.
Clinical signs include characteristic, visible lesions and variable pruritus.
Treatment has limited efficacy; antifungal treatments and sunlight are typically used.

Scrapie

Associated with prion protein.
Affects the brain, and can result in skin pruritus.
Clinical signs include loss of fleece, neurological signs (stargazing, recumbency, depression).
Notifiable if observed in an animal.

Photosensitization

Two major classifications of Photosensitization exist: primary (ingestion) and secondary (hepatic dysfunction).
Characteristic clinical sign includes erythema (reddening) of non-pigmented areas like the face and dorsum.
Diagnosis involves liver assessment (biochemistry), ruling out primary causes, and observation of the affected area.
Treatment comprises removing exposure to sunlight, corticosteroids, and addressing the underlying liver disease (often euthanasia).

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A neoplasm, often affecting non-pigmented skin areas (e.g., eyes and teats).
Treatment is determined by surgical excision.

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Description

Test your knowledge on symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for skin conditions in production animals. This quiz covers relevant diseases such as bovine herpes mammillitis and contagious pustular dermatitis, providing insights into prevention and management strategies. Perfect for veterinary students and animal health professionals.