Anemia in Pregnancy

<p>Ankylostoma infestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>200-300 μg/day</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Serum ferritin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>60-80 mg</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intramuscular injection</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Gastrointestinal disorders causing absorption issues</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>After 14 weeks gestation</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dark green or black stools</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Nucleated RBCs and absent hemosiderin granules</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increase in hemoglobin level by 1 gm/dl/month</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Replacement of glutamic acid by valine at position 6</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin C</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Bone marrow suppression</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>1000 mg total throughout pregnancy</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>High intake of phytates or phosphates</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal reticulocyte count</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Easy fatigability</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Normal platelet count</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>RBC count below 3.5 million/mm3</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased maternal plasma volume</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron deficiency anemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heme and globin</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>2 α and 2 β chains</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Acute or chronic blood loss</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thalassemia</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR)</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Folinic acid is necessary for DNA synthesis, cell growth, and cell division.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Elevated urinary FIGLU levels indicate folate deficiency and help differentiate it from vitamin B12 deficiency.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The treatments include exchange transfusion with packed RBCs followed by parenteral vitamin therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Folate requirements increase due to the increased demand for DNA synthesis and cell division during fetal development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Megaloblastic anemia typically presents similarly to iron deficiency anemia but shows a normal reticulocyte count.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Both serum iron and serum ferritin levels are decreased.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin C and folic acid are recommended to enhance iron absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The expected increase in Hb level is 1 gm/dl per month.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Parenteral iron therapy is indicated for severe anemia late in pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The typical dose is 60-80 mg of elemental iron daily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Each unit of blood is expected to increase hemoglobin levels by 0.5 gm/dl.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A bone marrow biopsy would show nucleated RBCs and absent hemosiderin granules.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common side effects include gastric upsets, constipation, and dark green or black stools.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron deficiency anemia in pregnancy can be caused by decreased intake, decreased absorption, increased requirement due to fetal needs, and increased loss from chronic hemorrhage.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heme iron, found in red meat and liver, is rapidly absorbed compared to non-heme iron from plant sources like spinach and apples.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In sickle cell disease, there is a decreased hemoglobin level, presence of anisocytosis and poikilocytosis in red blood cells, while leukocytes and platelets typically remain normal.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Extrinsic causes of hemolytic anemia include preeclampsia, prosthetic heart valves, and infections such as malaria.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin C enhances the absorption of iron by keeping it in the ferrous state, which is more easily absorbed in the intestines.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sickle cell disease leads to the formation of Hb S due to the substitution of valine for glutamic acid, causing red blood cells to become rigid and sickle-shaped.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common symptoms of anemia include easy fatigability, pallor, shortness of breath, and heart palpitations.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Phytate, found in various plant foods, significantly decreases iron absorption by binding to iron and inhibiting its uptake.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased maternal plasma volume and fetal utilization of nutrients lead to hemodilution.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) consists of 2 α and 2 γ chains, while adult hemoglobin (Hb A) comprises 2 α and 2 β chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron deficiency anemia is primarily caused by inadequate iron intake to meet the increased demands of pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron deficiency anemia typically shows low MCV, MCH, and MCHC indices.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Maternal anemia can lead to intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) or intrauterine fetal demise (IUFD).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemorrhagic anemia is commonly associated with chronic or acute blood loss in pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thalassemias are characterized by abnormal hemoglobin production, which can lead to anemia due to ineffective erythropoiesis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Chronic infections can lead to anemia through impaired erythropoiesis and increased destruction of red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Folinic acid is necessary for DNA synthesis, cell growth, and cell division, which are crucial during pregnancy for fetal development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In folate deficiency anemia, there are hypersegmented polymorphs and low plasma folate levels, while vitamin B12 deficiency typically shows a normal reticulocyte count and low plasma vitamin B12 levels.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe anemia near delivery is treated with exchange transfusion of packed RBCs followed by parenteral folic acid or cyanocobalamin therapy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common complications include intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR), neural tube defects (NTDs), and cleft lip and cleft palate.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The body responds to folic acid supplementation with clinical improvement and an increase in reticulocyte count.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>0.8 gm/dl/week</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Triple the prophylactic dose, typically around 60-80 mg elemental iron daily.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Severe anemia in gestational age greater than 35 weeks.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>It increases iron absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Pain and staining at the injection site, anaphylaxis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>An increase in hemoglobin by 1 gm/dl/month.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Sensitivity testing.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Mild anemia with enough time for correction (16-30 weeks GA).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The structural abnormalities include spherocytosis and elliptocytosis in red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The primary dietary source of heme iron is red meat and liver, which is absorbed more rapidly than non-heme iron from plant sources.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Vitamin C deficiency and excessive intake of phytates or phosphates lead to decreased iron absorption.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hemodilution due to increased blood volume and higher iron requirements for fetal growth lead to anemia in pregnant women.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>G6PD deficiency and pyruvate kinase deficiency are the enzymatic defects associated with red blood cells.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The additional iron requirements during pregnancy are for external loss, expansion of maternal cells, fetal needs, and the placenta and cord.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Common gastrointestinal symptoms include nausea and anorexia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The ferritin-apoferritin system regulates iron storage and release, crucial for maintaining adequate iron levels in the body.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Increased maternal plasma volume leads to hemodilution, where the concentration of red blood cells decreases in relation to plasma, resulting in anemia of pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Fetal hemoglobin (Hb F) is composed of 2 alpha and 2 gamma chains, while adult hemoglobin (Hb A) consists of 2 alpha and 2 beta chains.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Iron deficiency anemia typically shows low ferritin levels and low serum iron, while anemia of chronic disease usually presents with normal or elevated ferritin levels despite low serum iron.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Factors include inadequate dietary intake of animal products, malabsorption issues, and increased metabolic demands during pregnancy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Thalassemias result from genetic mutations affecting the production of alpha or beta globin chains, leading to an imbalanced hemoglobin composition.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The fetal utilization of substrates for hemoglobin synthesis can lead to maternal anemia, as the fetus demands iron and other components necessary for its own development.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>In hemorrhagic anemia, hematocrit (Hct) and hemoglobin (Hb) levels typically decrease, while reticulocyte count may increase as the body responds to the blood loss.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>MCHC indicates the average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of packed red blood cells; low MCHC often signifies hypochromic anemia, such as iron deficiency anemia.</p> Signup and view all the answers