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Questions and Answers
What is the total body iron content average in normal adult females?
2 gm
What is the iron requirement for normal pregnancy?
1 gm
What happens during erythropoiesis of pregnancy?
Hemoglobin less than 10.0 at term is usually due to hemodilution of pregnancy.
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How much iron is needed for the mother during pregnancy?
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What hormone alters maternal metabolism and diverts glucose to the fetus?
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The hormone that softens pelvic ligaments and reduces myometrial tone is called ______.
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Which trimester does the baby begin to grow?
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In the second trimester, a mother's energy level typically decreases.
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What physiological changes occur in the cardiovascular system during pregnancy?
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What are the organ systems affected by changes during pregnancy?
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What is the role of oestrogen during pregnancy?
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Study Notes
Iron Deficiency Anemia
- During pregnancy, iron requirements increase due to erythropoiesis.
- Supplementation is recommended to prevent iron deficiency anemia due to limited iron stores and potentially inadequate dietary intake.
- Hemoglobin levels below 10.0 at term are usually attributed to iron deficiency anemia, rather than the hemodilution of pregnancy.
Normal Iron Requirements
- The average total body iron content in normal adult females is 2 grams.
- The iron requirement for a normal pregnancy is 1 gram.
- This includes 200 mg of iron excreted, 300 mg transferred to the fetus, and 500 mg required by the mother for an increase in red blood cell volume.
- Daily iron requirements average 6-7 mg/day.
- Short intervals between pregnancies pose the most concern regarding iron deficiency.
Human Placental Lactogen (hPL)
- Modifies maternal metabolism.
- Diverts glucose to the fetus.
- Mobilizes free fatty acids from maternal stores.
Relaxin
- Released by the corpus luteum and later by the placenta.
- Softens pelvic ligaments.
- Reduces myometrial tone.
Changes to Body System
First Trimester
- Baby begins to grow.
- Increased urination.
- Skin and hair changes.
- Thickening waistline.
- Nausea and fatigue.
Second Trimester
- Baby's weight increases.
- Energy level improves.
- Heartburn.
- Leg cramps.
- Pelvic relaxation, leading to sacroiliac joint discomfort.
Third Trimester
- Baby experiences rapid growth and weight gain.
- Backaches.
- Swelling of the hands, legs, and feet.
- Breathlessness.
- More frequent urination.
Maternal Changes - Anatomical and Physiological
Cardiovascular Changes
- Increase in stroke volume.
- Increase in cardiac output.
- Increase in heart rate at a given workload.
- Increase in blood volume, primarily during the latter half of pregnancy.
- Compression of large blood vessels by the uterus can reduce venous return.
- Increased total body water.
Definition
- The changes that occur in the maternal organ system in response to pregnancy, to accommodate the pregnancy and prepare the woman for labor.
Organ Systems
- Cardiovascular system.
- Pulmonary system.
- Genital tract.
- Urinary system.
- Endocrine system.
- Gastrointestinal tract.
- Skin.
Changes Are Due To
- Alterations in:
- Hormonal production.
- Circulation.
- Metabolism.
Hormones
Estrogen
- Produced in the corpus luteum.
- Produced by the placenta after 12 weeks.
- Responsible for growth, particularly of the uterus and breasts.
Progesterone
- Progesterone is responsible for the growth of the uterus.
- It helps with the development of the placenta.
- Assists in maintaining the pregnancy.
- It is involved in the production of milk.
- It is responsible for the changes in the cervix, such as softening.
- It also influences moods and emotions.
- It contributes to relaxing the smooth muscles in the body.
- It can improve the delivery of blood and oxygen to the baby.
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Description
This quiz explores the critical aspects of iron deficiency anemia during pregnancy. It covers iron requirements, supplementation recommendations, and factors influencing maternal and fetal health. Test your knowledge on how iron levels impact pregnancy outcomes and the mechanisms involved in maternal metabolism.
