Ancient Italy & Rome Quiz

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Lecture 1: Introduction to Roman History

• The course covers the history of Rome, including its territories, from the early 1st millennium BCE to the mid-2nd millennium CE
• Critical thinking skills are emphasized to facilitate chronology and geography comprehension in Roman history

Defining Roman History

• The traditional dating of Roman history is from 753 BCE to 476 CE
• The course adopts a more comprehensive and inclusive chronological approach

Sources of Roman History

• Texts (Primary Sources) are written in both Greek and Latin
  • Various genres offer insights into Roman society, politics, and culture
  • Annalistic history refers to a chronological, year-by-year record
  • Cicero detailed how annual events were recorded by high priests, which were called Annales Maximi
• Inscriptions are typically found on stone and other media
  • Inscriptions provide insight into religious, political, and historical contexts
• Paleographic Texts are handwritten documents that reveal legal, social, and daily life aspects
• Numismatics refers to Coinage, giving economic, political, and religious insights
• Iconography is visual representations which illustrates Roman beliefs, military practices, and architecture
  • It also gives perspective of Romans themselves
• Archaeology is when Excavations and field surveys fill in gaps where historical records are lacking

Historical Perspective: Understanding Roman History

• The course emphasizes deeper understanding the social, economic, and political transformations of Rome
• This course analyzes the factors behind Rome's rise and struggles, acknowledging that expansion and empire-building were not inevitable

Lecture 2: Italy in the early 1st Millenium BCE

• Chronologically reviewing the Early Iron age of Italy

Chronological Overview of Early Italy

• 1500-1400 BCE is the Middle Bronze Age, known as Apennine Culture
• 1400-1200 BCE is the Late Bronze Age, known as Sub-Apennine Culture
• 1200-1000 BCE is the Final Bronze Age, known as Proto-Villanovan Culture
• 1000-770 BCE is the Iron Age, known as Villanovan Culture
• 770-720 BCE is the Late Iron Age, known as Late Villanovan Culture
• 720-580 BCE is the Orientalizing Period
• 580-480 BCE is the Archaic Period

Apennine Culture

• An Indo-European group that settled in Italy around 1500 BCE
• They developed permanent settlements with agriculture and pastoralism
• The earliest finds in Rome are linked to the Apennine culture
• The "Germanic Chiefdoms" model
  • There were landholding inequalities
  • Patron-client relationships
  • Wealth was concentrated in the hands of elites due to luxury trade

Terramare Culture

• Around 1500 ВСЕ - 1200 BCE
• Originated in north-central Italy, possibly from Hungary
• Known for high-quality metalwork and timber construction

Cultural Influences in Early Italy

• Sardinia, known for Nuraghi architecture, and unique stone tower structures
• The Mycenaean Influence from Greece involved artifacts found in Italy, Sicily, and Sardinia, they sought obsidian, metals, and raw materials

Villanovan Culture

• Around 1000-770 BCE, during the Early Iron Age
• First identified near Bologna
• Known for cremation burials
• Ashes were placed in biconical urns or hut urns which reflect their architecture
• They were expert metalworkers and potters
• Marked by population increase, more concentrated settlements, and emerging social hierarchies

Etruscans

• Existed between the 8th and 3rd Century BCE
• Etruscan Confederacy involved about 12 city-states between the Arno and Tiber Rivers
• Burial practices provide insight into Etruscan society
• Etruscan Language and Writing
  • Thousands of texts exist, but language is not related to any modern or ancient languages
  • The Etruscan alphabet was adapted from Greek and later influenced Latin script

Etruscan Influence on Rome

• The Greek Cultural influence became more influential due to the Etruscans
• Greek vases and artifacts were found in Etruscan burials
• Etruscan Art shaped early Roman styles
• Etruscan Temples became models for later Roman temples
  • Had deep porches that lead to a single or triple chamber
  • There were columns used only in porches and not around the whole structure
  • Built on high podiums

Conclusion

• Understanding early cultures in Italy are essential to analyzing the origins of Rome
• These influences will become more apparent as the course starts covers Rome's founding and early history

Lecture 3: Defining the Earliest History of Rome

• Outlines the Geography and Early Settlement of Rome

Geography and Early Settlement of Rome

• Rome was settled due to its defensible location
• Its establishment was settled upon 7 hills with access to Fresh water, Agricultural land, and the Tiber River
• Tiber River was navigable but slowed near Rome, thus a good crossing point

Challenges in Studying Early Rome

• The modern city of Rome makes it difficult to investigate the earliest archaeological layers
• Some important sites include Largo Argentina, which contains remains from the 2nd century BCE, and Sant'Omobono Sanctuary which provided evidence for Bronze Age Activity in Rome

Bronze Age Rome

• This was around from 1300 to1000 BCE
• Earliest evidence of occupation in Rome dates back to the 13th-12th centuries BCE
• By 1000 BCE there were two separate settlements and they were distinguished by different burial practices (cremation and inhumation)

Early Iron Age Rome

• Lasted from 1000 to 770 BCE
• Excavations have found 8th-century BCE hut cuttings, suggesting early dwelling structures

Foundation Myths of Rome

• Focuses on the Legends of Romulus, Remus and Aeneas

Legend of Aeneas

• Romans trace origins to Aeneas, a Trojan hero who fled Troy after its destruction, around 1200 BCE
• Aeneas founded Lavinium and his son Ascanius later established Alba Longa
• Aeneas' descendants played a role in founding Rome

Romulus and Remus Legend

• They founded Rome in 753 BCE
• Later generations included Rhea Silvia, a Vestal Virgin of Alba Longa, who gave birth to twins Romulus and Remus
• The twins were abandoned but rescued by a she-wolf (or a woman nicknamed "she-wolf" due to her work as a prostitute)
• They then founded Rome in 753 BCE, however Romulus killed Remus after a dispute in leadership

Livy's Account

• Mentions Faustulus in Livy 1.4
• Faustulus was a shepard who found the twins nursing each other with a she-wolf and raised them

Divergences Between History and Myth

• The archaeological record suggests Rome was occupied 500 hundreds years before its legendary founding
• Throughout time, Rome's foundation myths became more elaborate as Romans had greater contact with Greek culture

Archaeological Evidence for Rome's Early History

• Early Unification of Rome occurred in the 8th Century BCE
  • The Italian Scholar Andrea Carandini theorized that two settlement merged in the 8th century BCE
  • The Palatine Hill was fortified and had a ditch and walls, supporting the "Wall of Romulus" theory
  • Strabo (1st century BCE) wrote that Rome's early inhabitants walled the Capitoline, Palatine and Quirinal Hills

Regal Period

• Existed between 753 – 509
• Had the Seven Kings of Rome

1. Romulus (753–716 BCE)
2. Numa Pompilius (717–653 BCE)
3. Tullus Hostilius (653–641 BCE)s
4. Ancus Marcius (641–617 BCE)
5. Tarquinius Priscus (617–578 BCE)
6. Servius Tullius (578–535 BCE)
7. Tarquinius Superbus (535– 509 BCE)

Evidence for Rome's Early Kingship

• Lapis Niger, from around 580 BCE, is an inscribed pillar with archaic Latin and includes the word recei (king)
• Regia, from the 7th century BCE, is a large complex that housed Rome's king
• Forum Burials further support evidence of early Rome

6th Century BCE: Monumental Growth in Rome

• Large-scale Construction projects reflect Rome's growing power
  • This includes the Palatine Houses, which were large private residences that appeared
  • Also includes the Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
  • Main religion was in Rome
  • Was a Temple on Capitoline Hill
  • Sanctuary of Sant'Omobono was a major religious site
  • Cloaca Maxima was one of the largest sewers in the ancient world, which helped to draw from the Forum

Key Takeaways

• Rome's geographical structure made it the idea settlement
• Founding myths blend legend with political and cultural narratives
• The archaeological record suggests Rome was occupied before 753 BCE and organized urban development around the 8th century BCE
• Regal Period had first kings and early and monumental architecture, setting the stage for the Republic

Lecture 4: Political and Early Expansion

• Details the the end of Kings and the Transition to the Republic which was around 509 BCE
• This section covers the Key Political changes occurring between 509-450 BCE
• Discusses conflicts with the Volsci & Aequi during the 5th Century BCE
• The Conquest of Veii came to be from 405-396 BCE

Rome's Political Transition

• The last King was Tarquinius Superbus(Tarquin the proud) who was overthrown.
  • His son Sextus Tarquinius raped Lucretia which was known.
  • She committed suicide and prompted Lucius Junius Brutus to lead a revolt
  • Brutus swore to never allow kings to rule Rome again.
  • Tarquinius attempted to reclaim Rome with the help of the Etruscans, but he failed.

Rome's Political Shift

• Two consuls replaced the king
• They were Elected by citizens and served one-year terms
• They Held imperium (military power) and carried fasces (which was an axe and rods)
• There was constant struggling between Patricians (who controlled political and religious offices) and Plebeians (who struggled for rights, land, debt and food)

Plebeian Secessions

• Began around 494 BCE and onward
• Plebeians protested and formed their own assembly
• Tribunes of the Plebs was created around 490 BCE
• They were created to protect plebeian interests
• These people gained the power to Veto laws

The Twelve Tables

• Arrived around 451 BCE
• Rome's first written laws, codified by a board of 10 men
• Some Key laws included if anyone insulted another in public, shall be beaten with a rod until death
• Also included, Patricians and plebeians cannot intermarry

Military Conflicts during the Early Republic

• This included the Volsci and Aequi wars during the 5th century BCE
  • Around 458 BCE the Aequi attacked Latium
  • Lucius Quinctius Cincinnatus, was appointed director and defeated them =- Dictatorship was used as a temporary office (6 months) during emergencies

The Conquest of Veii

• During the time frame of 405-396 BCE
• Veii was primarily an Etruscan city North of Rome
• Rome besieged Veii for 10 years
• Key Developments
  • Rome had a war tax that was introduced to fund year-round campaigns
  • Soldiers were receiving pay
  • Rome adopted evocatio, a practice of summing up enemy gods to side with Rome

Significance Veii's Fall

• This marked the First major conquest outside Latium.
• Weakened etruscan League, since no other cities aided Veii
• With everything said and done it set a precedent for integrating conquered people's and religions

Key Takeaways

• Rome's Monarchy ended suddenly with tarquin's overthrow around 509 BCE
• Republic Saw politics, power, struggles, between patricians and plebeians which caused expansion.
• Military expansion began with wars against the and the Aequi and the Volsci
• The fall of VEii lead military paid taxes (war taxes) and religious taxation

Lecture 5: Founding of Rome and Aftermath

• Discusses the After-Veii Rome and the Sack of Rome which was mostly around 390 BCE

Post-Veii Rome and the Sack of Rome

• The fall of veil around 396 marked Rome as a dominant power
• Servian Walls likely to be built after 378 BCE using stone from VEi
• Transalpine Gauls invaded Italy and attacked Clusium promted rome to interview
• Had a battle of the Allia River and Rome suffered a catastrophic defeat
• The Gauls captured Rome, however, it was not a breach
• Marcus Furius Camillus, the general who captured Veii led the Roman counterattack

Rome's "Second Founding After Sack of Rome"

• Destruction destruction of the city led some Roman to consider abandoning Rome of VEii
• In Livy 5.50, camillus argued to stay, causing the destruction of Rome
• Livy 5.55: Building was haphazard which began poor urban planning

Samite Wars

• Between 343 and 290 BCE
• These wards included the Rome S. Samite, which controlled territory that was in central Italy
  • First Samanite war-Rome Gained Control Over Campamia: Around 343 t0 341 BCE -Second Samanite war- 326 Through 304 BCE, and Rome Suffered

The Latin Revolt

• Mostly occurred between 340 and 338 BCE
• Cities rebutted as well as claimed that they worked with Rome
  • Response was not harsh because Rome established municipality

War with Prryhus

• Mostly from around 280-275 BC
• Greek city of Taras feuded with Rome for expansion of the Kinddon.
  • Pyrrhus' invasion, arrived with 25000 troops, and 20 war elephants, Rome responded and defeated them which gave Rome major conflict with the Greek world which helped control italy

Key Takeaways

• Led to violent of rome in 390 BC
• Led military restructuring
• Rome was Rome's expansion continued leading the Samites and Latin revolt as well which
• The Greek world leas to control overitaly in med 3rd century It was important to protect

Lecture 6: Expansion Beyond Peninsular Italy

Roman Expansion

• After pyrrhus around 276 mostly of of pennsylivia.
• Italy allowd lacal autonomous.
• military service and demand military service
• powerful rival was the Carthaage

Carthage

• Dominate navel and eco power

First Punic War

• Mostly around the year 264 bce where conflict happened from Rom and Carthage
• Rome naval fleet of the Carthage models
• Roman had navies and
• Siciliy
• Carthage Struggeled finacncailly

Lecture 7: The Grown of Mediterranean empire

• Rome, Spain, N, asida
• lliorian Wares Roman wars and the first campaigns

Third Macadonian War

• Roman wanted Carthage lands
• The attack happened and general scripo leds the attack
• Then there was three years went siege and rime breaches
• The key takeaways are
• • Rome defeated and Greece
• There was consilding on the power

Lecture 8: Internal Conflicts

The ROman decline

• Cicero mentions "The republic
• There was emphasis because of the Roman empire
• This brining in more luxury

Economic Tranformation

• Became more montizied
• Carthaingian demistinede Expansion - coins sytem

The Political Career path

• Had career that was more difficult
• Allies felt underrepresented and expanded.

Class struggles and land redistribution

• Seized and limited
• Grants stopped

Conseuqnces of rome

• They had Senate not handle problems
• Exploited problems and increased problems

Lecture 9 - Beginnings of Civil War

• details the political and social instability in Rome during the late 2nd century BCE

Transformation of the Senate

• small number of families with more power
• families become consul
• tensions between elite families grew.

Jugurthine War (111-104 BCE

• Numidia was the Roman client kingdom
• divided commission was Adberbal (biological) and Jurgrtha (adopted son) Rome intervened in guriella warfare, incompetance and problems

Gaius Marius Military Reform

• Marius got elcted to defeat Jugurtha in military reform
• Military reforms
  • loyalty from Rome to generals

The German threat - BCE113 - BCE101

The Roman Victory - BCE102 - BCE101

The Land Reform and Political Unrest

• BCE 103 -BCE 91
• Marius and the tribune secured the land grant

- THE SOCIAL WAR-BCE91

Sulla vs. Marius: The First Civil War (88-82

• Mithridatic War - BCE88
• launch massacre of romams

Slla First Match on Rome

• marched with legions
• Marius fled into exile

Sulla dictatorship (BCE82-79

• Proscription
• list of enemies marked for execution
• increase senate and limited power

Vellius Paterculs On Civil War

• "Wars were not fought for justice but for personal profit"
• become a battleground to ambitioous

lecture - Civil war continued Lecture 10

• describes after political instability

After Sulla Political insatiability BCE79-7

• suila retired
• Pompey command never held

##Three Major Problems BCE 70s

• Revalt in Spain -Qunitus Sertorius
• slave revolt BE73
• Led by spartacus
• killed at the Battle of carrhab Caesars Caesar offered compromise Rubicon
• lecture 10*

Battle of Bharnsalus -

Battle of alexandria

Battle of alexandria

• The republic had fallen

Test your knowledge of ancient Italian civilizations, including the Terramare culture, Mycenaeans, Villanovan, Etruscans, and early Roman history. Questions cover their origins, burial practices, societal structures, and interactions, with a focus on the Punic Wars.