Ancient Era Science and Society

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Questions and Answers

What was the primary reason for the development of the World Wide Web?

  • To connect various computer networks for recreational purposes
  • To provide a platform for social media interactions
  • To create a system for managing vast amounts of data in a single location
  • To facilitate the sharing of information among scientists globally (correct)

Which of the following best describes the concept of nanotechnology?

  • The study and application of microscopic organisms.
  • The manipulation of genetic material to improve human health.
  • The development of tools and techniques for studying the human brain.
  • The study and use of extremely small things with applications in various fields. (correct)

Who was the inventor of the World Wide Web?

  • Tim Berners-Lee (correct)
  • Charles Babbage
  • Alan Turing
  • Steve Wozniak

What is the address of the first webpage on the World Wide Web?

<p><a href="http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html">http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html</a> (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the tangible objects that are part of nanotechnology's first dimension?

<p>Devices, systems, and materials (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a defining characteristic of the second dimension of nanotechnology?

<p>It involves altering the structure of atoms. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is considered the first recognizable social media site?

<p>Six Degrees (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of CompuServe in relation to the internet?

<p>It was one of the earliest forms of the internet. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which invention was developed during the Middle Ages?

<p>Telescope (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who is credited with the invention of the first microscope?

<p>Zacharias Janssen (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the primary purpose of the telescope during the Middle Ages?

<p>Assisting in navigation and exploration (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the process called where bacteria are destroyed by heating beverages and then allowing them to cool?

<p>Pasteurization (C)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Samuel M. Kier's contribution to the oil industry?

<p>Developing the process of oil refining (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following is NOT a product of petroleum refining?

<p>Water (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary reason why heating the milk during pasteurization stops the growth of pathogens?

<p>Heating destroys enzymes that bacteria rely on for growth. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of the following inventions was NOT mentioned as being developed to aid in scientific investigations?

<p>Telephone (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the main contribution of Sigmund Freud to the scientific world, according to the provided text?

<p>He established a new way to study the mind called psychoanalysis. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the pyramid at Chichen Itza mentioned in the text?

<p>It is aligned with the spring and fall equinoxes. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What aspect of Mayan civilization does the text emphasize as particularly advanced for their time?

<p>Their understanding and prediction of eclipses. (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Besides astronomy, what other area of knowledge is the Mayan civilization known for, according to the text?

<p>Agriculture (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which of these is NOT mentioned as a way the Mayan calendar was used, according to the text?

<p>Tracking weather patterns (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the writing system used by the Mayan civilization?

<p>Hieroglyphics (B)</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Rosenfels (1980), what is a notable characteristic of Sigmund Freud?

<p>He was a skilled observer of human behavior. (D)</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the text suggest about the geographic scope of Mesoamerica?

<p>It includes parts of both North and South America. (A)</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

First supercomputer

The first supercomputer was developed in the 1940s, marking a significant technological advancement.

Birth of the internet

The internet was born as networks connected computers, beginning in the 1960s with early projects like CompuServe.

Six Degrees

Six Degrees, launched in 1997, was the first recognizable social media site allowing user profiles and connections.

Tim Berners-Lee

A British scientist who invented the World Wide Web (WWW) in 1989 at CERN for better information sharing.

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World Wide Web (WWW)

An information system that connects documents and resources on the internet using hypertext.

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Nanotechnology

A field focused on the study and application of extremely small things across various scientific fields.

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Three dimensions of nanotechnology

Nanotechnology involves tangible objects, passive and active properties, and its direct/indirect applications.

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Atomically Precise Manufacturing (APM)

A process in nanotechnology that allows for manufacturing at the atomic level for precision materials.

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Psychoanalysis

A scientific method for studying the human mind and neurotic illnesses, developed by Freud.

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Freud

A towering literary figure and talented communicator known for contributions to psychology.

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Mesoamerica

A cultural region in Central America rich in history and knowledge before European colonization.

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Mayan Astronomy

Ancient knowledge used by the Maya for predicting celestial events and structuring temples.

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Chichen Itza

A famous pyramid in Mexico, aligned with the sun during equinoxes, demonstrating Mayan astronomical knowledge.

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Mayan Calendars

Systems created by the Maya to plan activities and observe religious ceremonies.

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Hydraulic Systems

Sophisticated water supply systems built by the Maya to support their cities and agriculture.

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Mayan Hieroglyphics

The writing system developed by the Maya for communication and record-keeping.

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Printing press

A revolutionary invention by Johann Gutenberg that allowed for mass production of books.

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Microscope

An optical instrument invented by Zacharias Janssen used to view small objects.

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Telescope

An optical instrument for viewing distant objects, critical for navigation.

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Pasteurization

A process discovered by Louis Pasteur to kill bacteria in beverages by heating.

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Germ theory

The theory that microbes are the cause of diseases, leading to new medical practices.

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Vaccination

A process developed from germ theory to protect against diseases like anthrax and rabies.

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Petroleum refining

The industrial process of converting crude oil into useful products like gasoline.

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Telephone

An invention by Alexander Graham Bell that transformed communication by transmitting voice.

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Study Notes

Ancient Era Science, Technology and Society

  • People in ancient times prioritized transportation and navigation for exploration and trade.
  • Food production was a crucial concern, driving the development of technologies to increase supplies without excessive effort or travel.
  • Weapons and armor were developed for security, showing the need for protection as people explored and migrated.
  • Illnesses and diseases were a major concern, leading to the pursuit of cures and prevention methods.
  • Communication was necessary for trade and conflict resolution, requiring methods for recording and exchanging ideas.
  • Development of engineering and architecture to meet practical needs.

Sumerian Civilization

  • Sumerians were prominent in southern Mesopotamia, known for cooperation and innovation.
  • Cuneiform, the first writing system, used picture symbols on clay tablets to document important events and daily life.
  • They developed advanced irrigation systems with dikes and canals for consistent efficient farming.
  • Sumerians designed sailboats for efficient transportation on waterways.
  • They invented the wheel to increase efficiency in tasks such as food processing and transportation.
  • Plows were created to prepare the earth for planting quickly.
  • They developed the first roads using bricks and bitumen for easier and faster travel.

Babylonian Civilization

  • The Babylonians emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, known for their engineering and architectural prowess.
  • The Great Ziggurat of Ur was a significant temple structure, showcasing their advanced building techniques using mud bricks.
  • They developed irrigation and dikes to manage water resources, essential for agricultural success.
  • Babylonian inventions like sailboats for transportation and a wheel and axle for farming were significant advancements.
  • They made improvements in the building of roads and plows.

Egyptian Civilization

  • Egyptians, known for their rich legacy, developed sophisticated methods for infrastructure and technology.
  • Papyrus, an early form of paper, was developed, allowing for more efficient record keeping which was previously done using clay tablets.
  • This material's advantages were ease of transportation and storage.
  • Hieroglyphics, a system of symbols or picture-based writing, was the primary method of writing.
  • Clepsydras or water clocks were invented to measure time in ways that did not rely on the sun
  • Egyptians developed cosmetics for both health and aesthetic reasons.

Greek Civilization

  • Greeks valued knowledge in philosophy, science, and architecture and invented several tools.
  • Alarm clocks were created using water-based systems to provide timely reminders.
  • The water mill was a typical device for milling grain, representing a significant achievement in food processing.
  • Romans valued efficient engineering which also affected their writing methods and developed a formal method for organization, storage and preservation of writings.

Roman Civilization

  • Roman civilization is noteworthy for the significant innovations in writing and record keeping.
  • Development of newspapers (or gazettes) reported notable occasions in the Roman Empire.
  • Codex, an early bound book, replaced the scroll, making information more easily accessible.
  • Advances were made in construction of architecture; they advanced in terms of the materials and techniques used.
  • Roman numerals were developed for efficient mathematical calculations.

Chinese Civilization

  • Chinese civilization is ancient and known for its many valuable discoveries and inventions.
  • Silk production and tea processing were significant achievements, contributing to trade.
  • The construction of the Great Wall of China was a massive engineering feat.
  • Gunpowder, developed from alchemical experiments, revolutionized weaponry.

Middle Ages

  • The Middle Ages (476-1550 AD), a period characterized by various events such as the decline of the Roman Empire and the rise of new political societies.
  • Translation of Greek texts into Arabic influenced the dissemination of scientific and philosophical ideas during the time.
  • There were great advancements in mathematics and other fields of scientific endeavor during this era.

Renaissance

  • Renaissance (14th-16th century) contributed to scientific breakthroughs and technological advances.
  • Improved printing techniques with developments in papermaking and printing tools were significant.
  • Geographical discoveries led to increased trade and cultural exchange.
  • Modern universities were established to further learning and study.

The Rise of Modern Science

  • The publication of Copernicus' work on the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies initiated the Scientific Revolution.
  • Galileo and other scientists advanced this trend through experimentation and observation.
  • The invention of the printing press further spread ideas and discoveries.

History of the Printing Press

  • Johannes Gutenberg's invention of the printing press around 1440 was a pivotal moment in communication.
  • His invention made books widely available, increasing literacy and knowledge sharing.

Computers During WWII

  • The pressing need to improve calculation speed during World War II spurred developments.
  • The Enigma cipher machine's code was broken via the development of electromechanical computers.
  • The invention of the first computers like the Harverd Mark 1 demonstrated a turning point in efficient calculations and processing of data.

Development of Computer Machines

  • The Turing Machine was developed as a theoretical model for calculations.
  • The advent of personal computers in the 1970s marked a significant advancement.
  • The invention of the internet and World Wide Web was a transformative technological moment.

Nanotechnology

  • Nanotechnology involves manipulating materials at the atomic and molecular scale.
  • The field has applications in various areas including medicine, electronics, and energy production.
  • Potential benefits include improved disease treatment, more efficient energy production, and advanced materials.
  • However, potential risks and negative impacts of nanotechnology are also areas of concern for science.
  • A variety of possible diseases or health concerns about the impact of nanotechnology on humans that are still being studied and addressed in this field are outlined.

Effects of Nanotechnology

  • Positive effects of nanotechnology include advancements in medicine for treating diseases and its use in materials science.
  • Potential negative effects may include health concerns related to human exposure to nanoparticles or harmful environmental effects related to industrial manufacturing.

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