Ancient Era Science, Technology, and Society Review Materials PDF

SCIENCE, TECHNOLO0GY AND SOCIETY ANCIENT ERA In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation & navigation, communication and record-keeping, mass production, security and protection as well as health, aesthetics and architecture. Now, let us see the importance of these c...

SCIENCE, TECHNOLO0GY AND SOCIETY ANCIENT ERA In the ancient times, people were concerned with transportation & navigation, communication and record-keeping, mass production, security and protection as well as health, aesthetics and architecture. Now, let us see the importance of these concerns of people during this era. I. TRANSPORTATION was significant during that time because people were trying to go places and discover new horizons. However, navigation assisted them in their journeys to unfamiliar and strange areas in the world and it allowed them to return home after they discovered new places or completed an important trade with another group of people. In here, they will use an important tool to navigate places before they returned home. There are reasons why they go to places using transportation; for them to: (1) Search for food and find better locations for their settlements and (2) Trade their surplus goods in exchange for things that they lacked necessities. This condition implied that people must be able to produce food at a given time and space since resources were getting scarcer as more people struggled to share the basic necessities. That is the reason why people need to form of technology that would enable them to increase food supplies and other survival needs without them travelling more or working harder. As they discovered new places, the development of weapons and armors for their security and protection. The primary challenge they faced was the conservation of life. Different illnesses and diseases, both natural and man-made, hampered the full potential of human being. Given this predicament, science and technology played a major role in the discovery of cures if not, the prevention of illnesses. COMMUNICATION was also essential in their endeavors to discover and occupy new places. They needed a way to communicate with natives of the areas they visited so as to facilitate trade and prevent possible conflicts. Record-keeping was also important since they needed to remember the places they had been to and document the trade they made with each other. It was also vital to keep records of their history and culture so they could establish their identities as they tried to relate with other cultures and civilizations. ENGINEERING The development of this field allowed human to build structures that would address their specific needs and wants. Some of the structures built during the ancient times still exists today and continually awe people. ARCHITECTURE might see as a mere style but during the ancient times, elaborate architectural designs were signs of technological advancements of a particular civilization. AESTHETIC People were not contented on beautifying only their infrastructures and surroundings. They discovered that people looked more visually presentable and appealing by adding some features and decorations in their body. The following civilizations will tackle the different major technological advancements during the ancient times. It will continue to describe the gradual application of knowledge up to the contemporary time. SUMERIAN CIVILIZATION Sumeria is located on the southernmost tip of ancient Mesopotamia. Sumerians are known for their high degree of cooperation with one another and their desire for great things. This desire pushed them to develop many things connected with science and technology. a. CUNIEFORM. The first writing system developed by the Sumerian. It is a system that utilizes word pictures and triangular symbols which are carved on clay using wedge instruments & then left to dry. Keep records of things with great historical value or their everyday life. Source adapted from https://tinyurl.com/y4fb4ehf  b. URUK CITY. Considered as a great wonder not only because it is considered to be the first city in the world but also for the way it was erected. Sumerians able to build this city with a big challenge because of using only mud or clay from the river, which they mixed with reeds, producing sun-baked bricks. Source adapted from: C. GREAT ZIGGURAT OF UR. https://tinyurl.com/y3skuhsz The Ziggurat of Ur is a Neo- Sumerian ziggurat in what was the city of Ur near Nasiriyah, in present-day Dhi Qar Province, Iraq. The structure was built during the Early Bronze Age but had crumbled to ruins by the 6th century BCE of the Neo-Babylonian period, when it was restored by King Nabonidus. Ziggurat is called mountain of god, was built as the Source adapted from: same manner that they constructed the City of Uruk. Ziggurat served as https://tinyurl.com/y3rslmzp the sacred place of their chief god. d. IRRIGATION & DIKES. Main problem: As population increased, so did the demand for food. to mass production of food but the elements in the environment seemed uncooperative. Difficult to get water from the rivers, thus they could not maintain farmlands. Scarcity of water supply while others had problems with flooding caused by the river. Solutions: Sumerians created dikes & irrigation canal to bring water to farmlands and at the same time control the flooding of the rivers. Results: This method was considered as one of the world’s most beneficial engineering works. Through dikes and canals, the Sumerians were able to enjoy year-long farming and harvesting, which increased their food production. e. SAILBOATS - Source Adapfed from: Another challenge for Sumerians https://tinyurl.com/y3j2cnba was mode for transportation. Why? (wheel was not yet invented, the main mode of transportation was through waterways such as rivers and seas.) - Essentials: transportation and trading as well in fostering their culture, information and technology. Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y2k32w6f f. Wheel - Sumerians were able to invent the wheel. - The first wheel is not intended for transportation but for farm and food process. - With the use of the wheel and axle, mass production was made easier. - Farmers were be able mill grains with less effort in less time. Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y62ujw8f g. Plow – another technology invention by the Mesopotamian. - This technology which would enable them to dig the ground where seeds would be planted. h. Roads - Sumerian developed the first road to facilitate faster and easier travel. They made the roads with the Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y3mblhqc same technology they used in making the sun- baked bricks that they laid down on the ground. They latter poured bitumen, a black sticky substance similar to asphalt, to smoothen the roads. Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y6nyjsr8 BABYLONIAN CIVILIZATION  Babylonian civilization emerged near the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers. They were great builders, engineers and architects. Hanging Gardens of Babylon, one of the seven wonders of the ancient world. - King Nebuchadnezzar II built for his wife Queen Amytis No evidence has been found to prove the existence and even Source adapted from: the exact location is unknown. https://tinyurl.com/y2aazntk Lacked of documentation or archeological evidence. If it is true, this may be considered as one of the greatest engineering and architectural achievements of the world that can not be replicated. Contributions to the society: the use of unit of length, weight and capacity, multiplication tables, geometry and land surveying, systematic measurement of time, astronomical observations, astrology. Source adapted from: Source adapted from: Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y4nuag Article by Leo Rogers https://tinyurl.com/y5jx3n2s k9 Published May 2008,February 2011. EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION Another civilization famous for its legacy and located in North Africa. Engineering feats regarding the infrastructures established by the pharaohs. Other technologies includes: A. PAPYRUS - One of the contributions of Egyptian by developing a system of writing. - Before, clay tablets were used, however, safe-keeping and transporting them were a major problems. - Reasons: Clay tablets were very fragile, heavy and delicate to handle (major challenge to bring one place to another) Source adapted from: - The invention of papyrus or paper was a welcome development. https://tinyurl.com/y6mlo - Advantages: cyq a. Easy to carry and to store. b. Less breakable c. For record-keeping and communication. B. HIEROGLYPHICS – is system of writing using symbols by the Egyptian Civilization C. WATER CLOCK/CLEPSYDRA - Developed from the reign of King Amenhotep III (1390-1352 BC) Source adapted from - It is made of alabaster and was probably used for indicating https://tinyurl.com/yxla5faj the passage of hours of the night. - In use, the vessel was filled with water, which leaked out slowly from a small hole near the bottom. The time is indicated by the level of the water in the vessel, which is shaped so that it falls at a uniform rate. At this time it was customary to divide the period of daylight and darkness into twelve `hours` which thus varied with the seasons. The inside of the vessel has twelve scales each marked with the name of the month. D. COSMETICS - This was for both HEALTH & AESTHETICS REASONS Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y465pbtx  KOHL –wore around the eyes to prevent and even cure eye diseases. - It is made of mixing soot with mineral galena - Wearing up was protection from evil and that beauty was a sign of holiness E. WIGS - Wigs were worn for health and wellness rather than aesthetic purposes. - protect the shaved of the wealthy Egyptian from the harmful Source adapted from: rays of the sun https://tinyurl.com/yxtdsu8s - Better than putting on a scarf since a wig allowed heat to escape. GREEK CIVILIZATION Source adapted from: In-depth works of the Greek Civilization: philosophy and https://tinyurl.com/y4xywufu mathematics, coliseums and the Olympics Inventions: A. ALARM CLOCK This was invented to tell an individual when to stop or when to start They made use of water (small stones or sand) that dropped into drums which sounded as alarm. Plato used this alarm clock to signal the start of his lesson. He used 4 water vessels line up vertically. The upper vessel supplied the water which dropped to the vessel below it, which was set to be filled in a given time. After it was full, water was siphoned off at a faster rate into the third vessel which would cause the expulsion of contained air, creating a whistling noise. B. WATER MILL is commonly used in agricultural processes like milling of grains which was necessary form of food processing. ROMAN CIVILIZATION Source adapted from: It was perceived to be the strongest political and social entity in the https://tinyurl.com/y3ajco48 west. Discoveries and Source adapted from: inventions still relevant today. In the https://tinyurl.com/y5qlp4xv early Roman civilization, they produced: 1. NEWSPAPERS, the first newspapers known as GAZETTES. It contains announcements of the Roman empire. 2. BOUND BOOKS or CODEX A codex is distinguished by handwritten, sequential pages bound together and enclosed between a case (that is, Source adapted from: cover) https://tinyurl.com/y55atqt8 to form a single, portable unit of reading material. These early books replaced scrolls but pre-date the invention of the mechanical printing press. (wikipedia.org) Aside from Romans writing down information about history and politics, literature also changed form from clay tablets to parchments papers. Source adapted According to sources, Julius Caesar started the tradition of stacking up from: papyrus to form pages of a book. Later on, they were able to provide covers https://tinyurl.com/y3ne my7a to protect the papyrus. This covers were made up of wax, until later on replaced by animal skin. The ancient Roman empire was able to produce the first books or CODEX. Importance with the invention of papers: a. it became easier for civilizations to write down everything. b. Record-keeping was much easier ROMAN ARCHITECTURE - One of the most visual contributions of the ancient Roman Empire to the world. ROMAN NUMERALS - Number systems had already been established before the Roman Numeral, these old systems could not keep up with the high calculation requirements. Devised their number system specifically to address the need for a standard counting method. CHINESE CIVILIZATION It is considered to be the oldest civilization in Asia. Also known as the middle kingdom. It was famous because of silk trade, tea production, Great Wall of China, gunpowder Inventions: 1. SILK - They developed the technology to harvest the silk and process it to produced paper and clothing. - Silk production resulted in the creation of a product for trade. 2. TEA PRODUCTION - This is a beverage produced by pouring hot or Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/yy8bfx2b boiling water over crushed or shredded dried tea leaves. - The first tea was drunk by the Chinese Emperor. 3. GREAT WALL OF CHINA - This was a man-made structure - The largest and most extensive infrastructure that the nation built. It is made of stone, brick, wood, earth and other materials. Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y3uvq5b6 4. GUNPOWDER - One of the most interesting inventions in China It was developed by Chinese alchemists who aimed to achieve immortality It is mixed with charcoal, sulfur and potassium nitrate, but instead of creating elixir of life, they accidentally invented a black powder that could actually generate large amounts of heat and gas. Instead of prolonging life, gunpowder is widely used to propel bullets from guns and cannons which cause countless death. Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y2yjbz6n Middle Ages This refer to the period of a thousand years between the fall of ancient civilization and rise of the Italian Renaissance (476 – 1550 AD). It is sometimes referred to as the “Dark Ages” because the cultural and political traditions of the ancient world were eclipsed with the collapse of Roman civilization and the conquest of Europe by Germanic tribes. There is shortage of currency; the industry, agriculture, commerce and trade ceased to be active and productive, wars caused many deaths among the nobles and military leaders. Important events happen during this era The Arabic conquest of Asiatic countries Islamic science The Dark Ages: translation of Greek words into Arabic Renaissance: (14th-16th century) During this era, the technological developments and inventions increases due to the different scientists arises such as the revival of European culture particularly in Italy, retranslation of Greek words into Latin, rediscovery of Aristotle's works and other Greek writing, paper making, geographical discoveries and navigation, establishment of modern universities, economic growth, increased wealth and opportunities and population growth and the revival of culture and interest in scientific pursuit The Rise of Modern Science The publication of the work of Copernicus on the Revolution of the Heavenly Bodies in 1543 started the scientific revolution. His ideas were promoted by Galileo and other scientists. This is the start of the rise of modern science. Many discoveries and instruments were developed and refined to enable scientists to pursue their investigations. Such inventions being produced A. Printing press – the first printing press was developed by Johann Gutenberg Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y4zldw8g B. Microscope – Zacharias Janssen invented the first microscope. Source adapted from: C. Telescope - Middle ages was also known as the Age of https://tinyurl.com/y5ev2xgc Exploration, the need of nautical inventions was high. - This invention of telescope, an optical instrument that helps in the observation of remote objects, was a great help for navigators. - Together with the telescope, the inventions of the compass, oars and rudders made sea travelling easier and safer. D. War weapons Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y2sqoosc 1. Pasteurization – Louis Pasteur, discovered that microbes were responsible for souring alcohol and came up with the process of pasteurization, where bacteria are destroyed by heating beverages and then allowing them to cool. His work in germ theory also led him and his team to create vaccinations for anthrax and rabies. Petroleum Refinery – Samuel M. Kier Petroleum refining or Oil refining is an industrial process in which crude oil is extracted from the ground and transformed and refined into useful products like Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG), kerosene, asphalt base, jet fuel, gasoline, heating oil, fuel oils etc. The milk starts on the left and enters the piping with 2. Telephone – Alexander Graham Bell working enzymes which, when heated, lose their structure. This stops the enzymes from working, and so stops pathogen growth. The cooling process prevents further changes. The pasteurization The first telephone was process can heat the cells to the point that they burst from pressure build-up. Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y2mqkbyu invented by Alexander Graham Bell in 1876, today we carry telephones at all times and use it for many purposes apart from communicating. 3. Calculator - Pascal's calculator (also known as the arithmetic machine or Pascaline) is a mechanical calculator invented by Blaise Pascal in the mid 17th century. Pascal was led to develop a calculator by the laborious arithmetical calculations required by his Source adapted from: father's work as the supervisor of taxes in Rouen. He https://www.pinterest.ph/pin/469641067368741340/ designed the machine to add and subtract two numbers directly and to perform multiplication and division through repeated addition or subtraction. From Wikipedia, EARLY AGES (STONE AGE AND IRON AGE) early settlements can be traced around 50,000 years ago in Palawan and Batangas early simple tools or weapons of stone flakes. techniques for sawing, drilling and polishing hard stones for about 40,000 yrs 3,000 BC, pottery flourished metal tools and implements (copper, gold, bronze and, later, iron) during second or third century B.C. to the tenth century A.D weaving cotton, smelting iron, making pottery and glass ornaments and agriculture by the first century A.D CHINESE ERA build boats for coastal trade by the tenth century A.D (porcelain, beeswax, cotton, true pearls, iron pots, iron needles and tin, etc) regular trade relations with the Chinese had been well established during the tenth to the fifteenth centuries AD Hindu-Buddhist, Malay-Sanskrit and Arab-Muslim Cultural and technological influences spread to the Philippines SPANISH ERA beginnings of modern science and technology mining, jewelry making, agriculture, wine making, cloth weaving learned to make and use modern artillery, system of writing and weights and measures established schools, hospitals and started scientific research religious orders in the conquest and colonization of the archipelago Economic trade (Galleon Trade) adopted by the colonial government, reduction of agriculture, boom in shipbuilding Reduccion – new government, convents, collection of tax system of education – pharmacy and medicine, natural sciences UST was founded AMERICAN REGIME science and technology in the Philippines advanced rapidly extensive public education system; the granting of scholarships in science and engineering higher professional education; industrial and vocational education proliferation of private schools UP was established Bureau of Science and other science organizations and agencies remaining primarily as an exporter of agricultural crops and raw materials and an importer of American manufactured goods PHILIPPINE INVENTIONS: Despite being considered a developing country, the Philippines also contributes to the global advancement of science and technology. The Philippines is known to be one of the most vulnerable countries in terms of natural disasters. Many of the discoveries and inventions made by the Filipinos were built from indigenous materials or created to adapt to the harsh tropical environment. Inventions: A. UPGRADING OF VEHICLES. Examples: conversion of American military jeeps used in World War II into jeepneys. - Innovation of a sidecar to a motorcycle, transforming it into a tricycle to accommodate more passengers. - SALAMANDER AMPHIBIOUS TRICYCLE was invented that can cross not only flooded streets but also rivers and lakes. o Dominic N. Chung & Lamberto Armada with Chief designer Victor Llave innovate this vehicle to solve the problem on flooded street. Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y474myph B. SALT LAMP - One of the major needs in the Philippines, as a developing nation, is electrification. - Filipinos have resorted to using candles and kerosene lamps but they carry certain risks as they are fire hazards. - Solar power is also welcome development but too expensive for ordinary Filipinos. Source Adapted from: - AISA MIJENO, a young Filipina, was able to invent a lighting system that https://tinyurl.com/y67j7knu utilizes a material abundant in the Philippines – saltwater. o She invented the Sustainable Alternative LighTING (SALt) LAMP ▪ SALt lamp an environment-friendly light source that runs on salt water. Safer as it poses no risk of fire and emits no toxic gases. Aside from People live from coastal areas, it may also benefit those from far-flung barrios because they can make their own saltwater lamp by mixing 2 tablespoon of salt and a glass of tap water. C. MEDICAL INCUBATOR - DR. FE DEL MUNDO, a Filipino pediatrician and the first Asian woman admitted into Harvard Medical School, devised a medical incubator made from indigenous and cheap materials which did not run on electricity. - The incubator was made by placing a native laundry basket inside a bigger one. Hot water bottles were inserted between the baskets to provide warmth and a makeshift hood to allow oxygen circulation. - Purpose: maintain conditions suitable for a newborn, usually a pre- term babies. D. MOSQUITO OVICIDAL/LARVICIDAL TRAP SYSTEM https://tinyurl.com/yyzmp7mh In 2010, the Department of Science and technology-Industrial Technology Development Institute (DOST-ITDI) was able to introduce the Mosquito Ovicidal/larvicidal trap system, also known as OL trap. This trap system is made of natural ingredients that are lethal to mosquito but safe for humans and the environment. E. E-JEEPNEY Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y2jvhffd a major innovation that changed the transportation industry in the Philippines the diesel-powered jeepney produces large quantities of black smoke and is usually a major contributor of noise pollution due to its primitive exhaust system. To counter these disadvantages, the e-jeepney was developed. This modern type of vehicle utilizes electricity instead of the more expensive https://tinyurl.com/y6em2 diesel. baf It is environment-friendly since it does not emit any smoke and noise. The flow chart shows what exactly happened during the scientific revolution, it is important to look into the different individuals whose ideas or knowledge have shaken and contested the dominant theories and ideas during this period - the truths of their time! Scientists are driven by three different attitudes; curiosity, critical thinking and creativity to explore the physical and natural world. Their love for science shows their attributes by their deep passion to know and to discover. These two factors; attitudes and attributes paved the way to discoveries and inventions or technology. In early time, people questioned what created days & nights. They wanted to understand what heavenly bodies like stars, moon and planets are. The invention of the telescope allowed them to peek at the outer space  Knowledge about the nature of the universe had been essentially unchanged since the great days of Ancient Greece some 1500 years before Copernicus. In the Renaissance period, when Copernicus contributed his philosophy of science through “thought experiment”. Copernicus’ idea and model of the universe was essentially complete in 1510. His worked about the model of the universe in which everything moved around a single center at unvarying rates. Copernicus placed the Sun to be the centerpiece of the universe. This is called the heliocentrism. This eventually the birth of modern astronomy. In his model, Copernicus outlined two kinds of planetary motion: (1) the orbits of Venus and Mercury lay inside the orbit of the Earth, thus, closer to the Sun; and (2) the orbits of Mars, Saturn, and Jupiter lay outside the Earth’s orbit, thus, further from the Sun. From this model, he would work on the length of time it will take for each planet to orbit once around the Sun. He placed the planets in order of increasing distance from the Sun. Although Copernican model makes sense now, during those times, it was Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y5fdnyql judged to be heretic or religious outcast since it was unacceptable to be taught to Catholics. Charles Darwin is famous for his theory of evolution. He changed oyr concept of the world’s creation and its evolution. According to Johnson (2012), he describe Darwin as a genius who came from a line of intellectually gifted and wealthy family. He struggled in his study in medicine and ministry. Darwin’s life soon changed when one of his professors recommended him to join a five-year voyage through the HMS Beagel on the Islands of Galapagos. Source adapted from: Darwin published his book The Origin of Species in 1589. https://tinyurl.com/y4yxq5aq This book is considered to be one of the most important works in scientific literature. Darwin collected many significant materials in order to present his theory with overwhelming evidence. His book presented evidence on how species evolved around over time and presented traits and adaptation that differentiated specie. Darwin’s observational skills as a scientist were extraordinary that moved beyond realms of plants and animals into the realms of humans. His book The Descent of Man was so impressive yet very controversial. He introduced the idea of all organic life, including human beings, under the realm of evolutionary thinking. This replaced the dominant views of a religious or biblical design that places human beings in a privileged position of having been created by God. Darwin truly remarkable was his courage to challenge religious and unscientific ideas that are deemed to be prominent during those days. It is a science marked by observation and experiment. Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/yya2ogmt Freud is famous in the field of psychology. Rosenfels (1980) also described him as towering literature figure and a very talented communicator who did his share the consciousness of the civilized world in psychological matters. Freud made a significant contribution in the scientific world through the development of an important observational method to Source adapted from: gather reliable data to study human’s inner life. This method is https://tinyurl.com/y5cc272x popularly known as the method of psychoanalysis. This method is a scientific way to study the human mind and neurotic illness. Development of Science in Mesoamerica Mesoamerica includes the entire area of central America from South Mexico up to the border of South America. This region is rich in culture and knowledge prior to the arrival of its European colonizers. The Mayan civilization are known for their works in astronomy. They incorporated their advanced understanding of astronomy into their temples and other religious structures. Other technological development:  A) the pyramid at Chichen Itza in Mexico is situated at the location of the sun during the spring and fall equinoxes. Mayan knowledge and understanding about celestial bodies was advanced for their time, as evidenced by their knowledge of predicting eclipse and using astrological cycles in planting and harvesting. B) Calendars were very useful for their life especially in planning their (Source adapted from activities and in observing their religious rituals and cultural https://tinyurl.com/y24cybuc) celebrations. C) They developed the technology for growing different crops and building elaborate cities using ordinary machineries and tools. They built hydraulics system with sophisticated waterways to supply water to different (Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/yyo communities q6aqb) D) They used various took and adapt themselves to innovations especially in the field of arts. E) Mayan hieroglyphics is used as the writing system. (Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y3cxznks ) F) They are also skilled in mathematics The Aztec civilization has also made substantial contributions to science and technology and to the society. Contributions are the following: A) Mandatory education. They put value on education. It is an early form of universal or inclusive education, because Aztec children are mandated to get education regardless of their social class, gender or age. B) Chocolates. They developed chocolate and served as currency C) Antispasmodic medication. This type of medicine that could prevent muscle spasm and relax muscles which could help during surgery. D) Chinampa. It ia form of Aztec technology for agriculture farming. (Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y4fms5dh) E) Aztec calendar. Enabled them to plan their activities, rituals and planting season. (Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/yxhsfyzp) F) Invention of canoe. It is a light narrow boat used for traveling in water system. (Source adapted from: https://tinyurl.com/y5lypzcm Development of Science in Asia Asia is the biggest continent in the world and the home of many ancient civilization. It is a host to many cultural, economic, scientific and political activities of all ages. INDIA India is a huge peninsula surrounded by vast bodies of water and fortified by huge mountains in its northern borders. A. They are known for manufacturing iron and in metallurgical works. B. Medicine. Ayurveda, a system of traditional medicine as a form of alternative medicine before 2500 BC C. Ancient India is also notable in the field of astronomy D. Ancient India also known for their mathematics. CHINA One of the ancient civilizations with substantial contributions in many areas of life like medicine, astronomy, science, mathematics, arts, philosophy and music. A. The Chinese are known for traditional medicines, a product of centuries of experiences and discovery of the Chinese people. They discovered various medical properties and uses of different plants and animals to cure human illness. Example is the practice of acupuncture. B. Discoveries and inventions of tools like compass, papermaking, gunpowder or printing tools, iron plough, wheelbarrow and propeller C. Different models of bridges, invented the first seismological detector, developed a dry dock facility.  D. In Astronomy, records on supernovas, lunar and solar eclipses and comets. They observed the heavenly bodies to understand weather changes and seasons that may affect their daily activities. They used lunar calendars E. Mathematics, logic, philosophy and medicine are among contributions MIDDLE EAST COUNTRIES The Middle East countries are dominated by Muslims. A Muslim scientist named Ibn al-Haytham is regarded as the Father of Optics, especially for his empirical proof of the intro mission theory of light. They also contributed mathematics specially the concept of algorithm and the term algebra is derived from al- jabr. In the field of medicine, Ibn Sina pioneered the science of experimental medicine and the was first physician to conduct clinical trials. Muslim scholars who made significant contributions in the field of science, mathematics, astronomy, philosophy and even in the field of social sciences. Development of Science in Africa The ancient Egyptian civilization has contributed immensely and made significant advances in the field of astronomy, mathematics and medicine. A. The development of geometry B. The great structures of the Egyptian pyramids and the early dams built to divert water from the Nile River C. They are the center of alchemy D. They study human anatomyand pharmacology E. Astronomy F. Metallurgy G. Mathematics During this period, Science in pre-Spanish Philippines, is embedded in the way of life of the people. Science can be observed in: A. the way they plant their crops that provide them food. B. taking care of animals to help them in their daily tasks and for food production. C. the way they interpret the movements of heavenly bodies to predict seasons and climates and in organizing days into months and years. D. They use science in preparing soil for agricultural purposes and they discovered the medicinal uses of plants. Technology in the Philippines is used by people: A. in building houses, irrigations and in developing tools that they can use in everyday life. A complicated engineering feat was achieved by the natives of the Cordilleras when they built rice terraces by hand. B. They developed tools for planting, hunting, cooking, and fishing; for fighting their enemies during war or tribal conflicts; and for transportation. C. They also developed technologies in creating musical instruments. D. use of certain plants and herbs as medicines. E. They also made sophisticated designs of jewellery, ceramics and metal tools. F. They do trading with China, Indonesia, Japan and other neighbouring Source adapted from: countries https://tinyurl.com/y5en637e COLONIAL PERIOD A. Spaniards. Life during the Spanish era, they brought with them their own culture and practices and slowly became modernized. In terms of: construction (walls, roads, bridges and other large infrastructures) - using some engineering skills and tools They established schools for boys and girls and introduced the concept of subjects and disciplines beginning of formal science and technology in the country developed health and educations systems The galleon trade has brought additional technology and development in the Philippines B. Americans. Americans have more influence in the development of science and technology in the Philippines compared to Spaniards. Like, establishes the public education system improved engineering works and health of people established a modern research university (UP)  created more public hospitals mineral resources were explored and exploited transportation and communication were improved researches were done to control malaria, cholera and tuberculosis and other tropical diseases POST-COLONIAL PERIOD The Philippines continued to pursue programs in science and technology under different administration. Each leadership had its own science and technology program or agenda. DEVELOPMENT OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY POLICIES IN THE PHILIPPINES As shown in the diagram, the development of policies in science and technology is shaped or influences by several variables: policies, programs and projects need to be aligned to national goals, consider international commitments based on legal frameworks and respond to various social needs, issues and problems. Policies ensure that the whole country and all people will experience the progress that science can bring. Policies are guides to direct all efforts to a goal of developing a scientifically advanced country. NATIONAL GOALS SCIENCE & Government Policies on Science & TECHNOLOGY Technology INTERNATIONAL TREATIES The Philippine government ⚫POLICIES introduced and implemented LEGAL FRAMEWORKS several programs, projects and ⚫PROGRAMS policies to boost the area of science ⚫PROJECTS and technology. SOCIAL NEEDS. ISSUES AND PROBLEMS The goal is to prepare the whole country and its people to meet the demands of a technologically driven world and capacitate the people to live in a world driven by science. In the field of education, several science-related programs and projects were created to develop the scientific literacy of the country. Special science classes were organized and special science elementary schools were established in different regions. The current K to 12 education program included Science, Teachnology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM) as one of its major tracks in the senior high school program to encourage more students to enroll in science-related fields in college. There are also other existing programs supported by the Philippine government through DOST. Some of these projects are: A. Providing funds for basic research and patents related to science & technology DEFINING TERMS Before studying this lesson, let’s unlock first important terms. What is information? Based on Webster’s Encyclopedic Unabridged Dictionary, information is knowledge communicated or obtained concerning a specific fact or circumstances. What is information age? Based on Vocabukary.com, it is the period starting in the last quarter of the 20th century and the information became effortlessly accessible through publication and through the management of information by computers and computer networks. What is computer? From edu.gcfglobal.org, it is an electronic device that manipulates data or information. Computer has the ability to process, store, and retrieve data. Of course, you already know that you can use it to send emails, play games, browse the web, and type documents and many other things. HISTORY OF PRINTING PRESS It was Johannes Gutenberg, a German goldsmith, printer, publisher, and inventor who introduced printing press in Europe in around 1440. Johannes Gutenberg’s printing press made it possible to publish large number of books. Because of this invention, books and other printed matter became available not only to the upper class but to the whole public and Johannes Gutenberg https://tinyurl.com/y3o74ej9 contributed to the spread of Alan Turing literacy https://tinyurl.com/y2y29nvc and education in Europe. Gutenberg’s invention of hand mold printing press led to the development of metal movable type. Afterwards, the two inventions combined and printing methods became easier and faster and it even decrease the costs of printing documents. The invention of printing press marked the beginning of mass communication. Information is distributed fast and easily and it permanently reformed the society’s structure. Printing revolution and tremendous social change was observed brought by the wide dissemination of information. COMPUTERS DURING WWII Because of fast development in the trade sector, calculation became part in communication. Back then, the ones that served as “computers” were the people who did engineering calculations and compiled actuarial tables. During the World War II, the Allies (U.S., Britain, Canada, Australia, USSR, France, etc.) countries that opposed the Axis powers (Japan, Hungary, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Bulgaria, and Romania), experienced shortage of human computers who are necessary for military calculations. The shortage got worse when the soldiers left the war, so the US addressed this problem by developing the Harvard Mark 1. This computer is an electromechanical computer that is 50ft long and able to calculate in seconds that usually took people for hours. Britain, at the same time, was looking for mathematicians to crack the German Navy’s Enigma. Enigma is an enciphering machine the being used by German armed forces to securely send messages. British top-secret Government Code and Cipher School at Bletchley Park hired Alan Turing in 1936, an English mathematician, to break the Enigma code. Alan Turing code- breaking methods became industrial process that requires 12,000 people to work 24/7. However, Nazis made the Enigma 10114 possible permutations of every encrypted message to make it more complicated. Turing, invented electromechanical machine called Bombe to allow the British to decipher the German’s Enigma Machine encrypted messages. With the help of Turing and other cryptologist, the war shortened by two years (Munro, 2012). DEVELOPMENT OF COMPUTER MACHINE  In his paper, On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem, published in 1937, he presented the Turing Machine, a theoretical machine that can solve problem that are encoded and printed on a paper tape. Turing also demonstrated the simulation of his machine to make a single Universal Machine. And this became the foundation of the study in computer science and development of a computer, a machine that can solve any problem by performing tasks from a written program (DeHaan, 2012). 1970s was considered as the generation with “electronic brains” for they witnessed the blossom of the computer age and first generation to be introduced to personal computer (PCs). Do you know who the founders of Apple Inc. are? One of them is Steve Wozniak, he developed the Apple I that made Tim Berners-Lee him famous. He designed the hardware, circuit https://tinyurl.com/btpmorm board, and operating system by himself. THE BORN OF THE INTERNET AND SOCIAL MEDIA During 20th century, the technology began to change very fast. After creating the first super computer in 1940s, engineers and scientist began to create ways to connect networks between computers, and this led to the birth of the internet. CompuServe is Steve Wozniak one of earliest form of internet developed in 1960s. And in 1997, Six https://tinyurl.com/y4k8xg5 Degrees was created as the first recognizable social media site. r THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORLD WIDE WEB (WWW) In 1989, a British scientist named Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web (WWW) while working at CERN. The web was originally developed to fulfill the demand for automated sharing of information between scientists in institutes and universities around the globe. The general idea of the WWW was to connect the developing technologies of computers, hypertext and data networks into powerful and easy to use and manage global information system. The world’s first web server and website was info.cern.ch. And http://info.cern.ch/hypertext/WWW/TheProject.html was the address of the first Web page. Nanotechnology and Nanoscience is a field of applied science and technology that deals with the study and application of extremely small things that can be utilize to all other fields of science, such as physics, biology, chemistry, engineering, and material science. Nanotechnology is to be “convergent” because it brings together various branches of science with the use of its innovation. To understand how nanotechnology works, you must consider 3 dimensions. 1 Dimension. These are the tangible objects which includes devices, systems, and st materials. 2nd Dimension. It deals with the static or passive objects and active properties. Example of passive properties, the nanoparticles that have unique bulk objects, even they have the same properties and composition; example of active properties are those that can induce energy, change their state, can store information and nanofacture, which refers to Atomically Precise Manufacturing (APM). 3rd Dimension. The direct nanotechnology and also can extend to indirect nanotechnology. Direct Nanotechnology refers to the materials structured at nanoscale components. And Indirect Nanotechnology, it starts with nanoparticles but can be utilized in huge applications, example are the extremely powerful information processors with individual nanoscale components (Ramsden 2009). HOW NANOTECHNOLOGY STARTED? Richard Feynman is the person behind the concepts and ideas of nanoscience and nanotechnology, it started with his talk entitled “There’s Plenty of Room at the Bottom” at an American Physical Society meeting conducted at California Institute of Technology (CalTech) on December 29, 1959. Please open and read this article for additional information, https://www.nano.gov/nanotech-101/what/definition. APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY In this section, you will discover different applications of nanotechnology that we are using today. Today, we have already invisible particles that can be used to fight against cancer cells. We have also solar panels that can convert twice of energy than the regular solar panel. And inventors invent batteries that can last 10 times longer. With the screening device using nanotechnology, we can now diagnose contagious diseases like tuberculosis, malaria, and HIV/AIDS (Macluran, 2005) We also have Bionanotechnology, it has project that support sustainable environment. Bionanotechnology helps the factories to have cleaner production methods and can be used for renewable energy source. These are just example of applications of nanotechnology. Below, are the areas where the nanotechnology can be applied. EFFECTS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY In the previous section of this lesson, you learned about the applications of nanotechnology and in this section let’s focus to the negative effects of nanotechnology. Researchers and scientists have evidences that along with the positive impacts brought by nanotechnology, it also have negative impacts that can cause toxic effects to environment and to human health. Our researchers are devoting their selves to the areas such as environmental chemistry, ecotoxicology, and nanopollution. The effects of nanotechnology are still undergoing study but its toxic effects have been recognized for cutaneous, immune levels, cardiac, digestive, pulmonary, and reproductive. If you inhaled nanoparticles you may suffer lung inflammation and heart problems. Below are the examples of positive and negative impacts of nanotechnology. And below are the examples of negative impacts to human health.