Ancient Mesopotamia and Sumerian Innovations

Study Notes

Ancient Mesopotamia, located in modern-day Iraq and Kuwait, is recognized as the world’s earliest known civilization.
Civilization established around 3600 BC in the southernmost region of Mesopotamia.

Sumerian clay tablets document historical information and cultural practices, initially serving as record-keeping tools for trade.
Evolved into the use of symbols for writing laws and narratives.

The first writing system, known as Cuneiform, emerged around 3100 BC with a set of word pictures depicted in symbols.

The concept of the wheel was introduced shortly after 3500 BC, initially seen in the potter’s wheel before being adapted for wagons to transport heavy objects.
The sailboat was developed to facilitate water transportation on the Euphrates and Tigris rivers.

Sumerians are credited as the first astronomers, mapping celestial movements into constellations recognized by ancient Greeks.
Developed the sexagesimal system, a counting method based on units of 60, which formed the basis of the 360-degree circle and the 60-minute hour.

Systematic farming techniques included the use of seed plows and irrigation systems.
Mastery of wool production from sheep led to advancements in textiles, including bleaching and dyeing.

Babylon was a pivotal ancient region, functioning as a commercial and religious hub with Hammurabi as its prominent ruler (1792-1750 BC).
Hammurabi is known for promoting the famous law code, establishing rules and standards for society.

Ancient Egyptians developed techniques for metalworking to create weapons and utensils.
Innovations included the first known glass-making, and the creation of jars and beads.
Egyptian writing utilized ink and brushes made from papyrus reeds, while they made significant strides in anatomy and medicinal ingredient knowledge.
A 365-day calendar was created based on astronomy, with initial measurements of 29 and a half days, later refined. Cooking and housing skills were also integral to their society.