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Questions and Answers
Which of the following types of pottery was designed for formal occasions?
Which of the following types of pottery was designed for formal occasions?
What was a significant feature of Roman sculptures?
What was a significant feature of Roman sculptures?
What artistic method involved creating images with small pieces of colored materials?
What artistic method involved creating images with small pieces of colored materials?
Which architectural feature ensures the stability and strength of Roman buildings?
Which architectural feature ensures the stability and strength of Roman buildings?
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What kind of paintings were commonly commissioned by wealthy Roman families?
What kind of paintings were commonly commissioned by wealthy Roman families?
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What best describes the Colosseum in Roman architecture?
What best describes the Colosseum in Roman architecture?
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What visual effect did Roman fresco paintings aim to achieve?
What visual effect did Roman fresco paintings aim to achieve?
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What was Terra Sigillata known for in Roman pottery?
What was Terra Sigillata known for in Roman pottery?
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Which period of Greek Classical Art was called the Dark Ages of Art?
Which period of Greek Classical Art was called the Dark Ages of Art?
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Which method uses hot wax mixed with pigments to create a painting?
Which method uses hot wax mixed with pigments to create a painting?
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What was the Colosseums use?
What was the Colosseums use?
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What distinguishes Corinthian from Doric and Ionic columns?
What distinguishes Corinthian from Doric and Ionic columns?
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Which heroic figure is famously represented in the sculpture known as Discobolus?
Which heroic figure is famously represented in the sculpture known as Discobolus?
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What was the purpose of the Parthenon in ancient Greek architecture?
What was the purpose of the Parthenon in ancient Greek architecture?
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Why were Greek pottery pieces highly valued?
Why were Greek pottery pieces highly valued?
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What distinguishes Fayum Mummy Portraits within the context of encaustic painting?
What distinguishes Fayum Mummy Portraits within the context of encaustic painting?
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What is one characteristic of Byzantine art from 330-1453 CE?
What is one characteristic of Byzantine art from 330-1453 CE?
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Which technique was commonly utilized by Byzantine artists to create sacred images?
Which technique was commonly utilized by Byzantine artists to create sacred images?
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What architectural feature was perfected by the Byzantines to enhance light in their buildings?
What architectural feature was perfected by the Byzantines to enhance light in their buildings?
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How does Romanesque architecture differ from Byzantine architecture?
How does Romanesque architecture differ from Byzantine architecture?
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Which building is considered a principal church of the Byzantine architectural style?
Which building is considered a principal church of the Byzantine architectural style?
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What was a significant architectural feature of the Pantheon in Rome?
What was a significant architectural feature of the Pantheon in Rome?
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Which of the following best describes the purpose of Roman basilicas?
Which of the following best describes the purpose of Roman basilicas?
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Which architectural aspect influenced the design of medieval churches?
Which architectural aspect influenced the design of medieval churches?
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What is a 'cloister' as described in medieval monasteries?
What is a 'cloister' as described in medieval monasteries?
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Which of the following best characterizes medieval art?
Which of the following best characterizes medieval art?
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What was the role of 'coffering' in the dome structure of the Pantheon?
What was the role of 'coffering' in the dome structure of the Pantheon?
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Which of the following best explains the term 'coat of arms' in the context of medieval art?
Which of the following best explains the term 'coat of arms' in the context of medieval art?
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What is the nave in the context of Roman basilicas?
What is the nave in the context of Roman basilicas?
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What was the purpose of placing a mummified body inside a sarcophagus?
What was the purpose of placing a mummified body inside a sarcophagus?
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Which period of Ancient Greek art is known as the 'Dark Ages'?
Which period of Ancient Greek art is known as the 'Dark Ages'?
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What type of subjects were most commonly depicted in Classical Greek paintings?
What type of subjects were most commonly depicted in Classical Greek paintings?
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Who discovered King Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922?
Who discovered King Tutankhamun's tomb in 1922?
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What was one primary objective of Ancient Greek art?
What was one primary objective of Ancient Greek art?
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Which painting method involves applying water-based pigments to freshly applied plaster?
Which painting method involves applying water-based pigments to freshly applied plaster?
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Which statement about Ancient Greek gods is correct?
Which statement about Ancient Greek gods is correct?
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During which period did the approach to ancient Greek art become recognizable and more naturalistic?
During which period did the approach to ancient Greek art become recognizable and more naturalistic?
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Study Notes
Sarcophagus
- Egyptians believed that when a pharaoh died, his soul would return to his body, signifying the importance of preserving bodies through mummification.
- A sarcophagus is a coffin where the mummified body was placed.
- King Tutankhamun's tomb discovered in 1922 by Howard Carter, remains in the Valley of the Kings in Luxor, Egypt.
- Most of the tomb's goods are now on display at the Grand Egyptian Museum in Giza, except for Tutankhamun's mummy and sarcophagus which are still in the tomb in Luxor.
Classical Art
- Ancient Greek art is divided into four periods: Geometric Period (100 BCE), Archaic Period (600 BCE), Classical Period, Hellenistic Period (Reign of Alexander the Great).
- Ancient Greek art emphasized the importance and accomplishments of humans and even the gods were created in the image of humans.
- Greek art was meant to honor the gods and was frequently government-sponsored for public display.
Greek Paintings
- Paintings were commonly found on vases, panels, and tombs.
- Subjects included battle scenes, mythological figures, and everyday scenes.
- Linear perspective and naturalist representation are evident.
- The most common methods of Greek paintings are fresco and encaustic.
Fresco
- It is a method of painting water-based pigments on a freshly applied plaster, usually on a wall surface.
- It needs 3 layers of plaster: a rough layer, brown layer, and fine layer for the actual painting.
- Colors are made with powdered pigments mixed with water, and they become permanent part of the wall once they dry and set.
- Fresco technique is ideal for murals, as it is durable and has a matte finish.
Encaustic
- Originally developed by Greek shipbuilders to fill cracks in ships with hot wax
- Pigment (color) was later added to paint the wax hull of ships.
- The oldest surviving encaustic panel paintings are the Romano-Egyptian from Egypt, around １００ - ３００ AD.
Greek Sculpture
- Early sculptures were stiff with bodies hidden within robes.
- After 3 centuries of experimentation, Greek sculptures evolved to show all points of human anatomy and proportion.
Greek Architecture
- The three main Greek architectural styles are: Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian.
- The Doric style is the simplest with broad rectangular capitals.
- The Ionic style is distinguished by scroll-like capitals.
- The Corinthian style has a capital carved with stylized leaves of the acanthus plant.
Greek Temples
- The Parthenon was built to honor Athena, the Greek goddess of wisdom and patroness of the city.
- The Temple of Artemis was another famous temple, but it is now in ruins.
- The Temple of Apollo Epicurius is known for its well-preserved sculptures.
Greek Sculpture
- Marble Bust of Zeus is a replica of the statue found in Greece.
- Replica of the statue of Athena is a significant sculpture in Western art.
Greek Pottery
- Ancient Greeks produced pottery valued both for functionality and artistry.
Roman Artistic Innovations
- Roman innovations included equestrian statues, naturalistic busts, and decorative wall paintings.
Ancient Rome
- Romans adorned their public and private buildings with art featuring color and texture.
Roman Sculptures
- Romans were fascinated with portraits and created wax molds of the faces of the deceased, called sculpted portraits.
- Marble Bust of Emperor Hadrian was a prominent Roman sculpture.
- The Portonacio Sarcophagus and Sarcophagus from Cerveteri are recognizable examples of Roman sarcophagi.
Roman Pottery
- There were two main types of Roman earthenware: Coarse Ware and Fine Ware.
- Coarse Ware was made for everyday use like cooking and storing liquids.
- Fine Ware was made for formal occasions and used as serving plates.
- The Red Glaze pottery called Terra Sigillata ("clay title image") was popular and frequently used.
Roman Paintings
- Murals became popular during the Roman period with wealthy families commissioning artists to create them in their homes.
- These murals often depicted realistic landscapes, giving an impression of looking out a window.
Most Common Methods of Roman Painting
- Mosaic is an art process where an image is created using an assemblage of small pieces of colored glass, stones, or other materials.
- Fresco is a method of painting water-based pigments on a freshly applied plaster, usually on a wall surface.
- Colors are made with ground powder pigments in pure water, and they become permanent part of the wall once they dry and set.
- Fresco techniques are ideal for murals, as they are durable and have a matte finish.
Roman Architecture
- Romans built sturdy stone structures for use and to perpetuate their glory.
- They erected huge halls and arenas for public games, baths, and processions, often constructed using gigantic arches of stone, bricks, and concrete or with barrel vaults.
Barrel Vaults
- A sequence of arches is combined to create a tunnel-like structure using a building method called the barrel vault.
Roman Architecture cont.
- The Colosseum is the largest amphitheater ever built during Roman times.
- Located in the heart of Rome, it was the supreme arena for witnessing Roman era entertainment such as gladiatorial contests, dramas, and animal hunts.
Roman Temples
- The design of Roman temples was adapted from the Greek design and included decorative elements like columns and capitals.
- The Pantheon is a notable example of a Roman temple.
Pantheon in Rome, Italy
- The Oculus of the Pantheon is an opening at the top of the dome that provides light to the interior.
- The Pantheon dome is decorated with recessing panels called coffers.
- These recesses lighten the dome structure while also serving as decorative elements.
Basilica
- Ancient Roman public buildings where people congregated to discuss laws and matters affecting the state.
- Similar in concept to modern town halls.
- The main corridor is called the nave, and the narrow corridors are called aisles.
Medieval Art
- Medieval art was a mixture of influences including Roman Empire classicism, early Christianity iconography, and the decorative elements of Nordic tribes of Europe.
Medieval Architecture
- Christian churches' designs were based on the Roman Basilica.
- Monasteries were established in early Medieval times to house religious orders.
- Cloisters are open spaces or gardens surrounded by a covered pathway, a common feature in monasteries.
Medieval Paintings and Drawings
- An important contribution of the early Medieval period was the preservation of ancient manuscripts.
- Coats of Arms became a popular non-religious artwork during medieval times.
Early Christian Art
- The Crypt of the Popes in the Catacombs of Callixtus is an example of early Christian art.
Byzantine Art (330-1453 CE)
- Byzantine Art is known for its extravagant mosaics, frescoes, and dazzling use of gold, which developed alongside the rise of Christianity in Europe.
- Murals still decorate churches, showcasing a style deeply intertwined with the spread of Christianity.
- Byzantine artists frequently used mosaic inlay techniques to depict sacred images.
Byzantine Paintings and Drawings
- The lively styles of paintings invented in Greek and Rome were used with a focus on Christian subjects.
- Deesis/Deesis Mosaic and Mosaic in Istanbul are examples of Byzantine paintings.
Byzantine Architecture
- It Shares many similarities with early Christian architecture.
- The Byzantines perfected mosaic decoration and clerestory windows that brought in light from above.
- Their advancements in developing domes created a new style in global architecture.
- Hagia Sophia in Turkey is a prime example of Byzantine architecture.
Romanesque Art
- Romanesque art combined features of Roman and Byzantine buildings with local traditions.
Romanesque Art
- The art of the period was characterized by a vigorous style in both painting and sculpture.
Romanesque Architecture
- Romanesque churches often had grand sculpted portals or metal doors surrounded by elaborate stone sculptures that were arranged in zones fitting architectural elements.
- They are characterized by thick walls and rounded arches.
- Pisa Cathedral is a notable example of Romanesque architecture.
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Description
Test your knowledge about ancient Egyptian beliefs regarding sarcophagi and mummification, as well as the significance of art in ancient Greece. This quiz covers the history, cultural practices, and major periods of ancient art. Perfect for students of history and art enthusiasts alike!
