Questions and Answers
Who was the legendary king known as MINOS?
A ruler of the Minoan civilization
Which civilization was named after its capital, Knossos?
Mycean civilization
What was the major innovation that the Phoenicians are credited with?
Invention of the alphabet
Where did the Philistines establish a local monopoly that contributed to their military dominance?
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Which civilization introduced grapevines and olive trees to the Levant region?
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What significant aspect characterized Minoan society according to the text?
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Which Hebrew leader set up the capital in Jerusalem where the sacred ark of the covenant was placed?
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What event led to the fall of Israel to the Assyrians in 722 BCE?
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Which empire destroyed Solomon's temple and enslaved the Hebrews during the Babylonian Captivity?
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According to Judaism, what is the central idea of the Covenant between God and the Hebrew people?
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Who permitted Hebrew exiles to return to Judah and rebuild the temple in 538 BCE?
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Which ancient civilization had primary worship of Ashur as their ruler God?
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What was a significant legacy of the Hebrews according to the text?
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Who led the Exodus of Hebrews from Egypt in the early 13th century?
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Which king succeeded Saul as the first king of a united monarchy in Israel and Judah?
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During which time, under which king, did the Hebrews establish a kingdom with 12 tribes into a unified monarchy?
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Study Notes
Minoan Civilization (2800-1600 BCE)
- Palace-based society with Knossos as the legendary city of King Minos
- Bull worship and labyrinthine palaces were characteristic features
- Equal social status for men and women
- Minoans brought grapevines and olive trees to the Levant
Mycenaean Civilization (1600-1100 BCE)
- Named after the capital city of Mycenae
- Palace-based society with a strong military
- Linear B writing system was used
- Mainland Greece was the geographical area of the civilization
Phoenicians
- The first group to venture beyond the Mediterranean Sea, reaching the Atlantic coast of Africa
- Known for their purple dye, which was a valuable and exclusive luxury item
- Established a colony in North Africa, Carthage, which later clashed with the Romans
- Innovations in shipbuilding and seafaring led to widespread trade across the Mediterranean
- Developed the alphabet, which was adopted by the Greeks and Romans
Philistines
- Descendants of the Sea People, originating from the North
- Five great strongholds/cities formed the region of Philistia
- Local monopoly on iron smithing, which contributed to their military dominance
- Defeated by King David of Israel, after which their history was marked by individual city-states
Hebrews
- Originally from Mesopotamia, migrated to Canaan (near Egypt)
- Enslaved in Egypt, then led by Moses in the Exodus (early 13th century BCE)
- Under King Saul, the 12 tribes formed a unified kingdom in the 11th century BCE
- King David, the second ruler, defeated the Philistines and established Jerusalem as the capital
- Solomon, David's successor, built a temple complex and the house of the Ark of the Covenant
- The kingdom split into Israel and Judah after Solomon's death
Assyrian Empire
- Number one power in Mesopotamia, becoming the Neo-Assyrian Empire
- Conquered Israel in 722 BCE and Judah paid tribute to the Assyrians
- Later, the Chaldeans conquered Judah in 586 BCE, destroying the temple and deporting Hebrews to Babylon (Babylonian Captivity)
Judaism
- The oldest monotheistic religion, with a central idea of one God (Yahweh)
- The Covenant: a deal between God and the Hebrew people
- Sacred text: the Tanakh (Old Testament)
- Worshiped in synagogues, led by rabbis
- Founder: Abraham
- Prophets: spiritually inspired figures and practical political leaders
- Legacy: Hebrews' interest in individualism, social justice, and autonomy laid the foundation for Western thought
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