Ancient Civilizations: Mesopotamia and Legal Codes

The Brahmin class served as priests, advisors, and intellectual leaders, holding the highest status in the caste system.

The Jati system was based on birth and featured thousands of categories, allowing for some degree of flexibility within the caste system.

Taoism emphasizes the balance and harmony of humans, animals, and the universe, which is referred to as 'the tao.'

<p>Confucianism emphasized personal and governmental morality, justice, and the correctness of social relationships.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dalits, originally called 'untouchables,' were the lowest class in the caste system, including low-status individuals and those outside the system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Ruler-subject, parent-child, elder sibling-younger sibling, husband-wife, and older friends-younger friends.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Qin Shi Huang.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Heavy taxation and conscripted citizens, including farmers, skilled workers, criminals, and slaves.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>He died from mercury poisoning after ingesting mercury pills in search of immortality.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>A polis is a city in Greece that typically consists of an agora (marketplace) and an acropolis (highest point).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The agora is the marketplace and central public space where citizens gathered.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>To prevent chaos and ensure the smooth transition of power amidst scandals surrounding his succession.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>They formed political and military alliances for mutual defense and cooperation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Solomon's Temple was destroyed in 587 BCE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Proskynesis was the act of bowing to a king, which was controversial because only gods were deemed worthy of such respect.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alexander executed Philotas for knowing about the assassination attempt and subsequently assassinated Philotas' father, Parmenion, to prevent rebellion.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Punic Wars were a series of three wars between Rome and Carthage, with Rome emerging as the victor.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Hannibal's strategy involved leading his army through the Alps to attack Rome from the west, but ultimately his forces were weakened and driven out.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alexander rejected the treaty because he believed he was destined to rule the world.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patricians were the higher class citizens in the Roman Republic, holding significant political power and influence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alexander killed Cleitus while drunk, reflecting his volatile behavior and personal conflicts.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Armies were primarily loyal to their generals and monetary rewards.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Barbarian invasions from the north and constant civil wars disrupted trade and made travel unsafe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Diocletian split the empire in half and established a Tetrarchy with senior and junior emperors.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Alaric was the chief of the Visigoths who united tribes to invade Italy, famously sieging and sacking Rome in 410 CE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Attila led the Huns in invasions but failed to capture Rome, and his death marked a significant halt in Hunnic invasions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Cuneiform is a form of wedged writing that originated in Sumer, Mesopotamia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Four Varna castes are: Brahmins (priests), Kshatriyas (rulers and warriors), Vaishyas (merchants and farmers), and Shudras (labor class).</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Uruk is often referred to as 'The First City' due to its early development as a city around 4000 BCE, with a peak population of 74,500.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Punic Wars were a series of conflicts between Rome and Carthage that shaped the power dynamics in the Mediterranean.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Doric is characterized by a wide base, Ionic has a scroll capital design, and Corinthian is noted for its ornate and sophisticated appearance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Urukagina's reforms included compensating victims of crimes, limiting the power of landowners and priests, and exempting widows and orphans from taxes.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Code of Hammurabi is notable for designating specific punishments for crimes, limiting the 'eye for an eye' principle, and establishing the idea of 'innocent until proven guilty.'</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Moksha refers to the realization that leads to the escape from the cycle of samsara, often seen as joining the universe.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Dharma represents a universal truth or moral order that guides individuals in their actions and responsibilities.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Samsara is the cycle of death and rebirth in which souls are trapped until they achieve moksha.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Varna refers to a type, order, color, or class, categorizing society into different groups within the caste system.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Patricians were the upper class citizens recognized for their power and influence in the Senate, while Plebeians were the lower class citizens with limited presence and impact in government.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Titus Gracchus spoke out against the Patricians' mistreatment of Plebeians and was the first of his class to hold a seat in the Senate, while Tiberius continued his brother's efforts to reform and redistribute power before being killed.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The First Triumvirate was an informal political alliance between Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey aimed at opposing the Senate, specifically targeting Sulla's faction.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Crossing the Rubicon was a declaration of defiance against the Senate, marking the start of Caesar's Civil War, which ultimately led to his dictatorship.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>Augustus rose to power by defeating the Senate's assassins during the Second Triumvirate and was then named the first emperor of Rome.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Pax Romana was a period of peace and stability in the Roman Empire that followed Augustus's consolidation of power, fostering prosperity and cultural exchange.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Crisis of the 3rd Century was marked by internal conflict and civil wars, resulting in the rapid turnover of power with over 26 emperors in just 50 years.</p> Signup and view all the answers

<p>The Ides of March, marked by Julius Caesar's assassination, led to renewed civil wars and a power struggle that ultimately transformed the Roman political landscape.</p> Signup and view all the answers